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Emerging Pollutants: A Taciturn Killer
Published in Narendra Kumar, Vertika Shukla, Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Environment, 2021
Mala Trivedi, Manish Mathur, Rajesh K. Tiwari
Chlorinated solvents, petroleum hydrocarbons, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, resins, bisphenols, adipates, and phthalates are mainly released into the environment by industrial emission. Triethyl citrate is used as a food additive to stabilize foams, in pharmaceutical coatings, and as a plasticizer; and butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene are used to prevent fat spoilage. By-products of water treatment, which can include polyacrylamide, can change through disinfection with chlorine to ozone and chloramines (Mitch et al., 2003). And various consumer products to form nonflammable barriers are phosphate retardants. These flame retardants are extensively used in resins for household and industrial use (Rahman et al., 2001) and may enter the environment by improper waste disposal.
Processing and Properties of Chitosan and/or Chitin Biocomposites for Food Packaging
Published in Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa, Parameswaranpillai Jyotishkumar, Senthil Muthu Kumar Thiagamani, Senthilkumar Krishnasamy, Suchart Siengchin, Food Packaging, 2020
Herrera et al. (2016) successfully obtained green films nanocomposites-based plasticized PLA and chitin nanocrystals prepared by using extrusion and compression molding with two cooling rates. It is recommended not to dry the chitin nanocrystals prior to extrusion in order to avoid the aggregate of nanomaterial into polymeric matrix. Triethyl citrate (TEC) was used both as plasticizer and processing aid for assuring the dispersion of chitin nanocrystals into PLA. The extrusion using liquid feeding was carried out at a screw speed of 300 rpm and with a temperature profile ranging from 170°C at the feeding zone to 200°C at the die. It was demonstrated that the fast cooling rate led to the most transparent PLA/chitin nanocrystals film with appropriated tensile strength and elongation at break, comparable with tensile properties recorded for polyethylene, than in the case of slow cooling rate.
Ecofriendly Polymers: A Need of the Day
Published in Satish A. Dake, Ravindra S. Shinde, Suresh C. Ameta, A. K. Haghi, Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology, 2020
Jayesh Bhatt, Monika Jangid, Rakshit Ameta, Suresh C. Ameta
Green nanocomposites have been successfully prepared by Park et al. [48] from cellulose acetate (CA) powder, eco-friendly triethyl citrate (TEC) plasticizer and organically modified clay. The effect of the amount of plasticizer was observed by varying it from 15 to 40 wt% on the performance of the nanocomposites. It was reported that cellulosic plastic-based nano-composites with 20 wt% TEC plasticizer and 5 wt% organoclay had better intercalation and an exfoliated structure than its counterpart with 30/40 wt% plasticizers. It was found that TS, modulus, and thermal stability of this cellulosic plastic reinforced with organoclay had a decreasing trend as plasticizer content was increased from 20 to 40 wt%. Water vapor permeability of cellulosic plastic were reduced by 2 times on nano-reinforcement at the lower volume fractions (φ ≤ 0.02).
Duloxetine hydrochloride enteric-coated pellets in capsules with delayed release: formulation and evaluation
Published in Smart Science, 2023
Ramya Krishna Nakkala, Balaji Maddiboyina, Shanmukha Chakravarthi Bolisetti, Harekrishna Roy
From formulation F1-F7 were taken sequentially to prevent non-infringement of innovators patent, the formulation comprises Drug layering in which sugar spheres made of starch and sucrose are employed as the core, and an experiment in which two distinct particle sizes of sugar spheres are used to achieve the desired profile. Other excipients used in the medication layering process include talc, which aids in flow, reduces static charges, and forms a smooth surface. HPMC E5 is used to tie the DHCl to the core. Here are the variations in medication loading when glycine amino acid is used in place of talc as an anti-tacking agent. After covering sugar spheres with a medication, the percent buildup was between 120 and 150%.The major objective of subcoating is to generate a smooth surface for the enteric layer to attach to, hence boosting the pellet’s tolerance to acidic environments and stability by preventing contact between the drug and the enteric layer. To give the coating layer adhesion and acid resistance, diluents such as sucrose are added to the subcoating. Additionally, it contains a film-forming polymer with two distinct viscosities, HPMC E5 and HPMCE15, which enables sustained drug release at higher pH. The buildup percentage for subcoating ranged between 80 and 150%.The enteric coat is made of varying amounts of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalate, a pH-dependent polymer. A plasticizer and triethyl citrate can be added to a coating to increase its flexibility and durability. The enteric coating is applied by dispersing or suspending the enteric polymer in an appropriate medium, such as water or organic solvents like isopropyl alcohol or methylene chloride, and then spraying the resulting solution or suspension directly onto the subcoating pellets. Enteric coating buildup was 16%.The coat is used to enhance the visual appeal of pellets in the finish. Opadry White AMB OY 28,900 is a coating substance composed of polyvinyl alcohol, titanium dioxide, talc, lecithin, and xanthum gum; the coating is applied by dispersing opadry white AMB OY 28,900 in a suitable medium such as water and spraying the resulting suspension onto enteric-coated pellets. The final coating required a 10% buildup.