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Utilization of Biodiesel By-Products in Various Industrial Applications
Published in Bhaskar Singh, Ramesh Oraon, Advanced Nanocatalysts for Biodiesel Production, 2023
Citric acid (C6H8O7; 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propane tricarboxylic acid) is considered to be one of the most versatile, naturally produced and highly consumed chemicals in the world (Soccol et al., 2006). It can be produced from crude glycerol using Y. lipolytica ACA-DC 50109 (Papanikolaou & Aggelis, 2003) and other strains of Y. lipolytica (Imandi et al., 2007; Kamzolova et al., 2011; Rymowicz et al., 2006). With the help of Y. lipolytica Wratislavia AWG7 strain, crude glycerol yields a similar concentration of citric acid (131.5 g/L) to that yielded from pure glycerol (139 g/L). Meanwhile, the fermentation of crude glycerol with Y. lipolytica Wratislavia K1 gives comparatively low concentrations of citric acid (~87–89 g/L) (Rywiska et al., 2013). However, Y. lipolytica Wratislavia K1 was found to be the best for the conversion of crude glycerol into erythritol (Rymowicz et al., 2009). Additionally, Y. lipolytica LGAM S (7)1 and Y. lipolytica N15 have shown good results for the conversion of crude glycerol to citric acid, even up to 98 g/L (Kamzolova et al., 2011; Papanikolaou et al., 2002). It is used mainly in the food and soft drink industries (70%). It can also be utilized as an additive in cosmetics, toiletries and pharmaceuticals (Papanikolaou et al., 2002).
Citric Acid, Lactic Acid, and Acetic Acid Production
Published in Debabrata Das, Soumya Pandit, Industrial Biotechnology, 2021
Citurgia Biochemicals Ltd., Surat, India was established in collaboration with John & E Sturdia Ltd., UK for manufacturing citric acid on a commercial scale in India. Citric acid is the weak organic tricarboxylic acid having the empirical formula,C6H8O7. It is a tricarboxylic acid: CH2COOH−C(OH)COOH−CH2COOH. 75% citric acid is used in food confectionery and beverages. It is used as a food acidulant in jam, jelly, orange squash, soft drinks etc. It has a pleasant taste and enhances flavour. 10% citric acid is used in pharmaceutical industries e.g. ferric ammonium citrate tablet for anaemia patients. The remaining 15% is used by other industries, e.g. for cleaning power station boilers to remove scale formation in the boiler tubes. It is available in two forms: citric acid anhydrous (CAA) and citric acid monohydrate (CAM). CAA is mostly used in the pharmaceutical industry and CAM is used for other purposes. The properties of citric acid are shown in Table 10.1 (Moo-Young, 2018, Prescott and Dunn, 1959).
Industrial Fermentation Processes
Published in Debabrata Das, Debayan Das, Biochemical Engineering, 2019
Citric acid is a tricarboxylic acid. It is marketed in two different forms: Citric acid monohydrate (CAM)Citric acid anhydrous (CAA)
Multiple inhibitory effects of succinic acid on Microcystis aeruginosa: morphology, metabolomics, and gene expression
Published in Environmental Technology, 2022
Yi-dong Chen, Chu Zhao, Xiao-yu Zhu, Yuan Zhu, Ru-nan Tian
Citric acid and α-ketoglutaric acid are important intermediate metabolites in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. The TCA cycle not only provides energy but also produces various intermediate metabolites, which are the raw materials for the biosynthesis of many important substances in the organism [19]. In this study, the content of citric acid and α-ketoglutaric acid decreased under SA stress. Therefore, we infer that SA negatively affects the respiration of Microcystis by interfering with the TCA cycle in algal cells, thereby inhibiting their growth. This inference is consistent with Zhu et al [19] who found that luteolin-7-O-glucuronide disturbed the TCA cycle of Phaeocystis globose. In addition, the amount of carbohydrates in algal cells, such as sucrose, was decreased, indicating that the substrate for respiration was reduced, which in turn led to a decrease in respiration. However, we do not know the exact function of some metabolites with high VIP, including Methyl N-cyano-N’-[2-(2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl)ethyl] carbamimidothioate and N-(4-chlorophenyl)-N’-cyclohexylthiourea, in metabolism network in cyanobacteria. It needs to be studied further.