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Materials
Published in Ansel C. Ugural, Mechanical Engineering Design, 2022
Steel is an alloy of iron containing less than 2% of carbon. Additional alloying elements ease the hardening of steel. Nevertheless, carbon content, almost alone, induces the maximum hardness that can be developed in steel. Steels are used extensively in machine construction. They can be classified as plain carbon steels, alloy steels, high-strength steels, cast steels, stainless steel, tool steel, and special purpose steel.
High-Temperature Tribological Behaviour of Surface-Coated Tool Steel
Published in Samson Jerold Samuel Chelladurai, Suresh Mayilswamy, Arun Seeralan Balakrishnan, S. Gnanasekaran, Green Materials and Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 2020
The study was aimed at investigating the tribological behaviour of the coated tool steels sliding against high-strength boron steel. The tool steel has been used in many applications of plastic moulding dies, swaging tools, wear mouldings, sheet metal press dies and machine components. In order to strengthen the working life, surface engineering has been used, such nitriding, nitrocarbirizing, boronizing, coatings and oxidation. In this study, the tool steels have been coated with TiSiN, TiAIN and CrN coatings by PVD technique, and the research aimed to investigate tribological properties of the coatings. Chemical compositions are shown in Table 9.1.
Materials
Published in Ansel C. Ugural, Youngjin Chung, Errol A. Ugural, Mechanical Engineering Design, 2020
Ansel C. Ugural, Youngjin Chung, Errol A. Ugural
Steel is an alloy of iron containing less than 2% of carbon. Additional alloying elements ease the hardening of steel. Nevertheless, carbon content, almost alone, induces the maximum hardness that can be developed in steel. Steels are used extensively in machine construction. They can be classified as plain carbon steels, alloy steels, high-strength steels, cast steels, stainless steel, tool steel, and special purpose steel.
Wear and friction characteristics of atmospheric plasma sprayed Cr3C2–NiCr coatings
Published in Tribology - Materials, Surfaces & Interfaces, 2020
The substrate material selected in the current study was a hot forming die steel namely AISI H11 (H11) steel. The selected tool steel is frequently used in the hot press forming industry due to its excellent toughness and deep hardening characteristics. The H11 steel with chemical composition given in Table 1 was procured and machined to form cylindrical specimens (pin material) having dimensions 8 mm diameter and 50 mm length. The counter material (disc material) selected in the study was 20MnCr5 steel, the chemical composition is shown in Table 1. The selected steel is high-strength low-alloy steel, used for preparing pinions by hot press forging industry. The material was machined to form round discs as per the specification of pin-on-disc tribometer (100 mm diameter and 8 mm thickness). Further, in order to test the pin specimens on the tribometer, the discs must be harder. The discs were surface treated and plasma nitrided prior to experimentation to increase the hardness to 60–80 HRC.
Heat treatment effects on tribological characteristics for AISI A8 tool steel and development of wear mechanism maps using K means clustering and neural networks
Published in Tribology - Materials, Surfaces & Interfaces, 2018
Nandakumar Pillai, Ram Karthikeyan, J. Paulo Davim
The heat treatment plays an important role in obtaining adequate tribological and mechanical properties for cold working tool steels. All cold working tools are to be hardened before industrial applications and exhibit excellent after treatment properties. The heat treatment condition for a high chromium tool steel is varied and its effect on tribological behaviour has been studied using wear mechanism maps and SEM photographs. Viking steel classified under AISI A8 series cold working tool steel is a special purpose cold working tool steel from the house of UDDELHOM, and is specially developed for heavy duty blanking and forming operations. Blanking tools should have adequate toughness to avoid the chipping of edges especially while cutting thick stocks and should have good wear resistance for a longer tool life to ensure a profitable production run. Viking is a versatile, high alloyed tool steel characterised by the right combination of toughness and wear resistance required for heavy duty blanking and forming. Other applications include shear blades, fine blanking tools, deep drawing tools, tube drawing tools, cold forgings and swaging dies [1]. Punches and dies should be able to withstand compressive and tensile loads and hence they demand good toughness [2]. Optimisation of mechanical properties for a tool steel is related to toughness to avoid chipping of edges and wear resistance to for economical tool life. To obtain a resultant product with these characteristics is a real challenge of the tooling industry.
Influence of Intermediate Cryogenic Treatment on the Microstructural Transformation and Shift in Wear Mechanism in AISI D2 Steel
Published in Tribology Transactions, 2021
N. B. Dhokey, C. Thakur, P. Ghosh
Tool steels generally refers to a variety of carbon and alloy steels that can be made into tools owing to their hardness, resistance to abrasion, and deformation. In addition, the presence of carbides plays an important role in determining the quality of the tool steel because the rate of dissolution of carbides into an austenite form of iron determines the high-temperature performance of tool steels. However, the corrosion resistance of such steels is generally limited due to precipitation of a majority of their chromium and carbon constituents as carbides. Similarly, the presence of high carbon and other alloying elements in these steels leads to an unrestricted amount of retained austenite in these steels because the martensitic finish (Mf) temperature of these steels is well below the characteristic temperature required for tool steels (1). The martensite formed after hardening conditions is generally brittle and undesirable because the transformation from retained austenite to martensite is generally accompanied by 4% volume expansion, which can lead to failure of components (2). This problem can be minimized using multiple tempering cycles after hardening treatment. However, multiple tempering leads to excessive softening of the entire matrix and more coarsening of the carbides, resulting in lower hardness and strength (3, 4). Thus, use of an alternative method to the existing heat treatment cycle that would lead to substantial increase in the hardness and wear resistance of the specimens was necessary. Deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) is an inexpensive, one-time, permanent process that affects the entire section of the component and also acts as an add-on process to conventional heat treatment processes (5).