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Overview of the Natural Gas Industry
Published in Arthur J. Kidnay, William R. Parrish, Daniel G. McCartney, Fundamentals of Natural Gas Processing, 2019
Arthur J. Kidnay, William R. Parrish, Daniel G. McCartney
Authors have reported that shale gas does not contain significant amounts of C3+ hydrocarbons but this depends upon the formation. Table 6.7 shows gas samples from five leases producing from the Marcellus shale. Extended analysis of these samples showed hydrocarbons up to tetradecane. The high C2+ content of some Marcellus shale gases requires their processing before they enter the pipeline grid.
Effect of the nitrate group on yields and composition of secondary organic aerosol formed from reactions of alkyl nitrates with OH radicals in the presence of NOx
Published in Aerosol Science and Technology, 2020
Lucas B. Algrim, Paul J. Ziemann
The SOA yields from the reactions of the C10 alkyl nitrates are compared in Figure 7 to those of C12 2-ketones, C10 1-alcohols, and C10, C12, and C14n-alkanes determined previously (Algrim and Ziemann 2016, 2019), with all reactions performed under identical conditions. The alkyl nitrate, ketone, and alcohol isomers have similar vapor pressures. A common feature of all three series is that the SOA yields for the isomer with the functional group closest to the end of the molecule (2-dodecanone, 1-decanol, and 1-decyl nitrate) are similar to the yield of tetradecane, an n-alkane of similar vapor pressure. The SOA yields then decrease as the functional group moves toward the middle of the molecule, with the yields for 5-dodecanone (the increased yield for 6-dodecanone is due to a subtle effect of the structure, Algrim and Ziemann 2016), 5-decanol, and 5-decyl nitrate being similar to those of an n-alkane with approximately the same carbon number, here falling between decane and dodecane.
Dewatering and low-temperature pyrolysis of oily sludge in the presence of various agricultural biomasses
Published in Environmental Technology, 2018
Song Zhao, Xiehong Zhou, Chuanyi Wang, Hanzhong Jia
The product composition of the obtained pyrolysis oil in the presence of sawdust was identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis and compared with the NIST library. The hydrocarbon fraction distributions of pyrolysis oil are listed in Table 3, as well as the extract from original sludge sample for comparison. It indicated that the original sludge and recovered oil samples have very complex compound compositions with carbon number ranging from C9 to C32. However, the proportions of hydrocarbon fractions in the oils have slight changes before and after pyrolysis. Compared with original oily sludge, the proportion of C9–C12 and C20–C32 decreased, accompanied by increasing content of C13–C19 in the pyrolysis oil. Hydrocarbon fractions of C13–C19, such as 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl-hexadecane, tetradecane, pentadecane, hexadecane, 2,6,10,14-tetramethyl-pentadecane, and heptadecane in the recovered oil, were slightly greater than those in the extract from original sludge (Table 3). The result indicated that C20–C32 hydrocarbons have a preference for the degradation into some light oil compounds, leading to the relative enrichment of C13–C19 fractions in the recovered oil. Meanwhile, some compounds of C9–C12 could be transformed into low-molecular-weight organic gases such as CxHy, which will be discussed below.
Applying FCM-ANFIS algorithm as a novel computational method for prediction of viscosity of bitumen and heavy alkane mixture
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2018
Mohammad Hosein Emami Baghdadi, Houman Darvish, Hosein Zanbouri, Karim Rouhibakhsh
In order to proposing a novel algorithm the experimental data are needed for training and validation of the model so the required data were gathered from Mohammad Kariznovi's work. The number of 330 viscosities of Athabasca bitumen and heavy alkane tetradecane mixture data points as function of temperature, pressure and amount of tetradecane(Kariznovi et al. 2013) the summary of this investigation is shown in Figure 1.