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β-Lactams and Related Compounds as Antibacterials and β-Lactamase Inhibitors
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2020
Ulrike Holzgrabe, Jens Schmitz
Inhibitors of the β-lactamases are capable of restoring the activity of the β-lactam antibiotics in resistant strains. Thus, such inhibitors were developed in the 1980s and administered in combination with some antibiotics. For a long time, only three β-lactamase inhibitors (BLIs) were available for clinical use. These are clavulanic acid, a penem being a natural compound from Streptomyces clavuligerus, which is administered mostly together with amoxicillin and ticarcillin, sulbactam with ampicillin and cefoperazone, and tazobactam with piperacillin (see Fig. 8.6). Tazobactam and sulbactam belong to the group of penamsulfones. All of them are applied for the treatment of severe, often life-threatening infections in hospitals (Anderson et al., 2012). Of note, these BLIs do not have any anti-infective activity!
Application of Nanobioformulations for Controlled Release and Targeted Biodistribution of Drugs
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Nanobiomaterials, 2018
Josef Jampílek, Katarina Král’ová
ALG hydrogels coated with CS were found to have intrinsic antimicrobial activity with improved sustained release characteristics and thus, they can be applied for wound dressing (Straccia et al., 2015). A new drug delivery biocomposite system based on polyanionic matrix (Na+-ALG), polycationic matrix (CS), and silica was shown to maintain or improve the efficacy of antibacterial chemotherapeutics as follows: piperacillin-tazobactam, cefepime, piperacillin, imipenem, gentamicin, ceftazidime against Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and cefazolin, cefaclor, cefuroxime, ceftriaxone, cefoxitin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole against E. coli ATCC 25922 (Balaure et al., 2013). Benzoyl peroxide, a commonly used antiacne drug, encapsulated in the ALG/CS NPs demonstrated superior antimicrobial activity against Propionibacterium acnes compared with the drug alone but less toxicity to eukaryotic cells, suggesting that in the treatment of dermatologic conditions with infectious and inflammatory components, topical delivery of ALG/CS NP-encapsulated drug therapy can be used (Friedman, et al., 2013).
Antibiotics: The Battle with the Microbes
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
The dosing of antibiotics is a critical feature with respect to minimizing resistance. Dosing, that is too low or ends too quickly, permits a few bacteria to survive. The survivors are the most resistant to the particular antibiotic, so inadequate dosing promotes the development of resistance. Some surviving bacteria, called persisters, may be dormant but become reactivated as the level of antibiotic drops. The rapid rate of reproduction of bacteria means that mutations leading to resistance can occur within the span of a few hours. The primary strategy to counter resistance has been to produce new derivatives. These, too, of course, eventually encounter resistance. Another strategy is to use inhibitors of the lactamase enzymes. Some β-lactam antibiotics are administered with a second drug that inhibits the β-lactamase. Examples are amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin/sulbactam, and piperacillin/tazobactam.
Involvement of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the occurrence of community and hospital acquired diarrhea, and its virulence diversity among the stool and the environmental samples
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Parisa Fakhkhari, Elahe Tajeddin, Masoumeh Azimirad, Siavosh Salmanzadeh-Ahrabi, Ahya Abdi-Ali, Bahram Nikmanesh, Babak Eshrati, Mohammad Mehdi Gouya, Parviz Owlia, Mohammad Reza Zali, Masoud Alebouyeh
Although low rates of resistance to ciprofloxacin (1/51, 2%), aztreonam (1/51, 2%), and gentamicin (5/51, 9.8%) were observed in the human isolates, resistance to cefotaxime (88.2%, 45/51), ceftriaxone (62.7%, 32/51), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (35.2%, 15/51), tetracycline (37.2%, 19/51), and colistin (27.4%, 14/51) was more common among them. The vegetable isolates showed highest resistance rate to cefotaxime (84%, 42/50), ceftriaxone (52%, 26/50), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (20%, 10/50), while lower rates of resistance to colistin and tetracycline (8%, 4/50, each one), and no resistance to ciprofloxacin, aztreonam, and gentamicin were detected. None of the strains, either the clinical or environmental, showed resistance property to meropenem, ceftazidime, cefepime, and piperacillin-tazobactam. MDR phenotype was detected in 25.5% (13/51) and 4% (2/50) of the stool and environmental isolates, respectively (3DR, 4/51 and 1/50; 4DR, 7/51 and 1/50; and 5DR, 2/51 and 0, respectively).
The bactericidal potential of LLDPE with TiO2/ZnO nanocomposites against multidrug resistant pathogens associated with hospital acquired infections
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Nor Hazliana Harun, Rabiatul Basria S. M. N Mydin, Srimala Sreekantan, Khairul Arifah Saharudin, Norfatehah Basiron, Azman Seeni
The most frequently isolated pathogens for overall HAIs was dominated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumanni [9–11]. In this study, we focusing the two most common HAIs pathogens documented in the WHO 2017 Global Priority List of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria to Guide Research, Discovery, and Development of New Antibiotics [12]. WHO (2014) had listed MRSA as one of the pathogens which associated with high number of mortality rates among infected patients [13]. Its ability to develop resistance towards current drug of last option; vancomycin has become a great challenge in most hospital worldwide, includes in Asian countries. Recent reports claimed the prevalence rate of MRSA been isolated among S.aureus clinical isolation ranging from 17.2% to 28.1% within the time trend analysis from 2016 to 2017, it showed a slight increased from 18% to 19.8% [14, 15]. Another Gram-negative MDR phenotypes; Klebsiella pneumoniae (K.pneumoniae) also played an important role in HAIs risks. Klebiella spp. strains was exceedingly resistant to multiple antibacterial agents include ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, piperacillin, tazobactam, carbapenem and imipenem [16, 17]. According to the recent studies, K.pneumoniae had been identified as the 2nd most frequent pathogens in community-acquired (CA) nosocomial urinary tract infections (NUTIs) [18, 19].
Bioburden and transmission of pathogenic bacteria through elevator channel during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography: application of multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis for characterization of clonal strains
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2019
Masoumeh Azimirad, Masoud Alebouyeh, Amir Sadeghi, Elham Khodamoradi, Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei, Amir Houshang Mohammad Alizadeh, Mohammad Reza Zali
Although post-ERCP infection is a risk factor for cholangitis and bacteremia, it was shown that administration of cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolones for antibiotic prophylaxis, especially in patients with underlying diseases, can prevent these complications successfully. Resistance phenotype of responsible agents to common antibiotics used for prophylaxis is clinically more important, which can lead to life-threatening diseases like sepsis and pancreatic necrosis [29]. In our study, among the P. aeruginosa isolates, MDR phenotype was found in >42% of the samples. Resistance to the prophylactic antibiotics was observed among most of the strains, which proposed ineffectiveness of them for usage as prophylactic medication regimen. Administration of piperacillin-tazobactam that showed the greatest growth inhibition among our isolates, and other antibiotic combinations, such as amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, seems to be more appropriate to combat the MDR strains.