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Argan Oil
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Lucindo José Quintans Júnior, Nagamony Ponpandian, Nanophytomedicine, 2023
Hicham Mechqoq, Noureddine El Aouad
Argan oil has been used to develop many nutritional and cosmetic products. It has also been used to develop more elaborate medicinal solutions such as nanocapsules. Argan oil is mainly used as a drug carrier as it is found to solubilize high quantities of drugs in comparison with conventional long-chain triglycerides. Its biological proprieties provide a secondary action complementary to the lead drug. To date, three argan oil-based nanocapsules have been reported for use with tacrolimus, naproxen and indomethacin as drugs. Tacrolimus is used primarily for prevention of allograft rejection after organ transplantation. It is also used in dermatology for eczema treatment and as an inflammation suppressor (Nassar et al. 2009, Rosset et al. 2012). Naproxen is a non-steroidal drug usually used as a painkiller and anti-inflammation drug; it is also used to relieve osteoarthritis as well as for other symptoms (Rosset et al., 2012). Whereas, indomethacin drug is used for rheumatoid arthritis and collagen disease (Tsvetkova et al. 2012).
Novel Microbial Compounds as a Boon in Health Management
Published in Jyoti Ranjan Rout, Rout George Kerry, Abinash Dutta, Biotechnological Advances for Microbiology, Molecular Biology, and Nanotechnology, 2022
Shubha Rani Sharma, Rajani Sharma, Debasish Kar
The drugs like calcineurin inhibitors, for example, tacrolimus as well as cyclosporine decrease the proliferation and activation of lymphocytes. The major causative agents include Coxiella burnetti, Bartonella sp, Brucellamelitensis, Nocardia farcinica, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Ehrlichia chaffeensis. However, the causative agents of pneumonia are very often noticed in medicinal practice in immunocompromised patients. In AIDS patients, Mycobacterium avium or Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections are profoundly noticed (Douek et al., 2002). Besides, an immunocompromised patient having diabetes and extreme renal failure has been reported with a lethal infection of N. farcinica (Sonesson et al., 2004). Therefore, infection with unscrupulous pathogens might be more alarming than to the host than infection caused by pathogens that cause immunosuppression. The immunosuppression caused due to bacteria varies with the type of host–parasite interactions as well as elicited host immune mediators that make a swing in the steadiness between Th1 and Th2 responses. For example, the continued making of transforming growth factor (TGF)-ß has been connected to immunosuppression in patients infected with chronic brucellosis (Elfaki and Al-Hokail, 2009) or tuberculosis (Toossi et al., 1995). However, the most commonly administered calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine and tacrolimus) repress the immune system by inhibiting interleukin-2 production in T cells. The human gut is the residence of more than trillions of microbes that can stimulate several aspects of host physiology. Precisely, the bacteria present in the intestinal aid in the hydrolysis of orally administered drugs thus affecting the efficacy and/or toxicity of drugs, for example, a gut bacterium Eggerthella lenta helps in the transformation of digoxin into an inactive metabolite, dihydrodigoxin, (Haiser et al., 2014). Although the gut microbiome is a current promising field in medicine, several reports are found on the alteration of this complex system in patients with renal transplants (Lee et al., 2014). Recently, the recipients of renal transplant established post-transplant diarrhea, a recurrent impediment with a significant medicinal impact on graft survival was noticed to hold lowered saccharolytic bacteria (e.g., Ruminococcus, Dorea, Bacteroides, Coprococcus) commonly related to intestinal homeostasis. Tacrolimus is routinely used as an immunosuppressant to patients with a kidney transplant, glomerular diseases like membranous nephropathy, and glomerulosclerosis (Krzyżowska et al., 2018). A list of the immunosuppressants obtained from the microbes has been enumerated in Table 5.3.
Study of functional drug-eluting stent in promoting endothelialization and antiproliferation
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Ruixia Hou, Leigang Wu, Yabin Zhu, Jin Wang, Zhilu Yang, Qiufen Tu, Nan Huang
In addition to polymers, the choice of drug is also important in the DES field. Rapamycin, which can inhibit smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and reduce restenosis occurrence, has been extensively applied [17, 18]. Tacrolimus has been approved by the FDA as an immunosuppressive agent. Although tacrolimus is slightly inferior to rapamycin in inhibiting the proliferation and migration of SMCs, tacrolimus-induced damage in endothelial cells (ECs) is less than that of rapamycin [19]. Furthermore, a tacrolimus-eluting stent has been reported as more effective than rapamycin- and everolimus-eluting stents in a rabbit iliac artery restenosis model [20]. Therefore, we chose tacrolimus for use in the DES coating.