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Bullets, Blast, Jets and Fragments
Published in Paul J. Hazell, Armour, 2023
The charge mass is often expressed in kilograms of TNT, which is used as a reference explosive. To calculate the parameters from explosives other than TNT, it is convenient to convert the mass of the charge into a TNT ‘equivalent mass’. To do this, a conversion factor is used based on the ratio of the specific internal energies of the explosive to TNT. A selection of properties and conversion factors for several explosives taken from Baker et al. (1983) are shown in Table 3.7.
Improving the performance of a multi-layer armored system subjected to shock loading of an underwater explosion
Published in Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures, 2022
Mahdi Gerdooei, Mohammad Javad Rezaei, Hasan Ghaforian Nosrati
Firstly, to validate the numerical result of hydrocode, it was compared with the experiments of Ramajeyathilagam et al. [8] research. For this purpose, a single layer of Mild Steel and HS Steel (dimension of 0.34 × 0.25 × 0.004 m) was modeled similar to Figure 1. Four samples of the Ramajeyathilagam experimental tests, according to Table 8, have been simulated. The physical and mechanical characterization of these plates was extracted from Ref. 8. Also, by using Eq. (16), the PEK.l explosive charge converted to TNT equivalent charge [33]: where is the Chapman-Jougnet (C-J) blasting velocity of charge, is charge mass and, is the blasting velocity of the TNT charge. The comparison between the simulation and the experimental results for the amount of maximum displacement of the plate is shown in Figure 2. Also, in Figure 3, the contours of displacement for T3-MS1 and T4-MS2 tests are displayed along with the experimental results.
Earthquake-related Natech risk assessment using a Bayesian belief network model
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2019
Golam Kabir, Haruki Suda, Ana Maria Cruz, Felipe Munoz Giraldo, Solomon Tesfamariam
In this work, only two fill levels (50–75% and >75%) are represented the atmospheric tank properties because of the data availability. More fill levels, storage tanks’ shell thickness, and dimension of the tanks can be considered to represent the failure modes. To calculate the effects of the explosion, the TNT equivalent model is considered. However, more sophisticated models (e.g. Dobashi et al., 2011; Pierorazio, Thomas, Baker, and Ketchum, 2005) can be used and programmed into the geographic information system and will provide better estimates. The earthquake-damaged tank can create a fireball. Moreover, the explosion of storage tanks can occur due to spillage of flammable chemicals with other factors such as low wind speed, delayed ignition and congested area. These scenarios are not considered in this study. In this investigation, the likelihood of damage to neighboring equipment due to damage of the tank is only considered. The failure of the neighboring equipment (i.e. triggered by the tank damage) may cause explosion and fatalities by itself. This risk can contribute to the overall Natech risk associated with the tank. Furthermore, the domino effects due to secondary fires or explosions caused by the primary event are not considered.
Effect of explosive cratering on embankment dams
Published in International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2018
George Afriyie, Abass Braimah, Mohammad T. Rayhani
The explosive was modelled as solid elements with Arbitrary Langrangian Eulerian (ALE) formulation. The *HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN keyword with the Jones–Wilkins–Lee (JWL) Equation of State (EOS) was used to model the explosive charge mass. The explosive charge masses used in the experimental test program were 25, 50 and 100 kg of Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO). However, for the numerical simulation, the ANFO explosive was converted to TNT-equivalent mass by multiplying the TNT-equivalence of ANFO (0.83). The material properties of the explosive used in the model as required by the *HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN keyword card were density of 1630 kg m−3, detonation velocity of 6930 m s−1 and Chapman–Jouget pressure of 21 GPa.