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Steam Gasification and Reforming Technologies
Published in Yatish T. Shah, Water for Energy and Fuel Production, 2014
Ash accumulates in the melt and leaves with a bleed stream of salt where it is separated and the clean salt is recycled back into the reactor. The bleed salt is quenched in the water to dissolve sodium carbonate and the ash is separated by filtration. Sodium carbonate is further carbonated to make sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3), which is then separated and heated to regenerate sodium carbonate for reuse in the reactor. The entrained salt and heat in the product gas are recovered and the purified gas stream is further processed to make synthesis gas, pipeline gas, or synthetic natural gas (SNG).
International Developments
Published in Larry E. Erickson, Gary Brase, Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Improving Air Quality, 2019
Why have there been areas of uneven progress within China, particularly with reference to nitrogen oxides and ozone? Part of this is because one of the pathways to increase gas for cooking and heating is to produce synthetic natural gas (SNG) from coal. When SNG is used by residential households for heating and cooking, this provides the greatest air quality and health benefits when it replaces solid fuels such as coal (Qin et al., 2017; Qin et al., 2018). This improves air quality, but it also increases greenhouse gas emissions.
Glossary of Natural Gas Terms
Published in John M. Studebaker, Effectively Managing Natural Gas Costs, 2020
Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG): Also referred to as substitute natural gas) A manufactured product, chemically similar in most respects to natural gas, resulting from the conversion or reforming of petroleum hydrocarbons that may easily be substituted for or interchanged with pipeline-quality natural gas.
Multi-objective decision making of natural gas distribution optimization considering clean heating——evidence from Beijing
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Xiaopeng Guo, Jiabao Cao, Dongfang Ren
Natural gas is an essential fuel in the transitions toward a sustainable energy future as it is considered a cleaner source of fuel (Weng et al. 2021). Yet the higher price of natural gas compared with coal makes it difficult for some residents to accept (Al-Haidous and Al-Ansari 2020). Due to the high reburning rate of bulk coal and the low willingness of residents to clean heating (Xu and Ge 2020), there may be a large gap between the current natural gas consumption in winter and the natural gas required for clean heating (Wang et al. 2020). Curtis, Tovar, and Grilli (2020) studied the access to and consumption of natural gas from the perspective of spatial and socio-demographic drivers. Taking Hebei Province as an example, the natural gas demand calculated by taking clean heating as 70% of the total heating energy consumption is greater than the actual gas consumption. This “iceberg phenomenon” is an uncertain factor for assessing the intensity of heating energy consumption and predicting the consumption demand of natural gas. It is easy to underestimate the demand for natural gas, resulting in gas shortage and supply interruption in extremely cold weather (Speake et al. 2020). Zhu et al. (2019) established a natural gas supply dynamics model composed of synthetic natural gas and pipeline natural gas to express the dynamics of China’s natural gas supply system. The impact of COVID-19 on natural gas supply reliability concerned by Li et al. (2020). So accurate and robust short-term forecasts of the demand and supply of natural gas is of fundamental importance for a stable energy supply.
Enhancing electricity supply mix in Oman with energy storage systems: a case study
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2021
Mohammed Albadi, Abdullah Al-Badi, R. Ghorbani, A. Al-Hinai, Rashid Al-Abri
H2 energy can be used in three different ways (Melaina and Eichman 2015; Götz et al. 2016). It may be utilised as a backup combustible fuel in power systems or in electrical vehicles or as a primary heating fuel in industry. H2 may also be used to power fuel cells. It can be used to remove sulphur in refineries, to produce ammonia, and in synthetic natural gas or synthetic methane (renewable gas or green gas) production (). In addition, H2 can be mixed with natural gas pipeline distribution systems in concentrations of 2%-12% based on the standards and specifications of each country (Götz et al. 2016). It has also been proposed to increase the concentration to 20% with the extraction of the H2 downstream (Florisson 2009).
Assessing the aggregated environmental benefits from by-product and utility synergies in the Swedish biofuel industry
Published in Biofuels, 2020
Michael Martin, Elisabeth Wetterlund, Roman Hackl, Kristina M. Holmgren, Philip Peck
Sweden has a long history of research and development of biomass gasification either for heat/power production, or for production of synthetic fuels [40–42]. Currently, only one biomass gasification plant with any significant biofuel production (synthetic natural gas, SNG) is in operation in Sweden. That plant is a non-commercial demonstration plant and in 2015 its operation was much below nominal capacity, with a total production of 30 GWh. For the future scenarios, nominal capacity operation of the existing plant as well as of a planned expansion was assumed (960 GWh per year in total). In addition to this, in both future scenarios another planned SNG plant was assumed to be in full operation by 2030, producing a total of 1600 GWh per year. The ambitious future scenario was also assumed to contain additional biomass gasification-based biofuel production (three large-scale plants), resulting in 2400 GWh SNG and 3500 GWh methanol annually.7