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From biomass to biogas
Published in Walter Amedzro St-Hilaire, Agribusiness Economics, 2022
Hydrogen could also be used as a clean fuel for cars without emitting pollutants or CO2, since it is transformed on contact with oxygen simply into electricity and water: this is hydrogen mobility. Mixed with CO2 from industrial activities (which makes it possible to recover CO2), in the methanation process, a process used by Berthelot since 1869, it is transformed into synthetic methane or ‘syngas,' which can be injected into the gas network. Methanation is in fact a process for producing synthetic methane from dihydrogen and carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide (CO2) in the presence of a catalyst, this catalytic conversion being called the ‘Sabatier reaction.' It is a tool for the valorisation of surplus electricity that is to be developed. Some companies have installed their demonstrators using the McPhy electrolyser and have begun to inject their hydrogen production into the gas grid and are expected to inject synthetic methane using CO2 capture technologies in the near future. In the future, advances in the catalysts needed for methanation should enable optimised and large-scale methane production.
Feedstock Preparation by Gasification
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
The methanation reaction is used to increase the methane content of the product gas, as needed for the production of high Btu gas. 4H2+CO2→CH4+2H2O4H2+CO2→CH4+2H2O2CO→C+CO2CO+H2O→CO2+H2
Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells
Published in Yixiang Shi, Ningsheng Cai, Tianyu Cao, Jiujun Zhang, High-Temperature Electrochemical Energy Conversion and Storage, 2017
Yixiang Shi, Ningsheng Cai, Tianyu Cao, Jiujun Zhang
In experiments, the tested tubular SOEC included dead-end and inner-negative electrodes with dimensions of 5 mm inner diameter, 6.59 mm outer diameter, 115 mm of length, and 70 mm of effective length, as shown in Figure 3.29 [72]. Figure 3.29 also demonstrates the polarization curves of the tested tubular SOEC in a temperature range of 550°C–650°C with a negative electrode inlet flow rate of 100 mL/min and a positive electrode inlet flow rate of 200 mL/min. If no hydrogen is introduced, the current at the same applied voltage is higher. The outlet gas composition for each condition is collected and measured using a gas chromatograph at both OCV and 1.5 V [72]. When the negative electrode is fed with a combination of 20% H2O, 20% CO2, 20% H2, and 40% Ar, RWGS and methanation occur to produce CO and CH4 even without electrical input. When electricity is applied, electrochemical reaction rates are promoted for CO2 conversion. CH4 production is reduced when hydrogen feeding is decreased, corresponding to a methanation equilibrium. Thermodynamics predict that lower temperatures will promote the methanation reactions. Thus, CH4 production rates can be enlarged to 9.46% at 550°C with the addition of H2 even when no electricity is applied and can reach up to 12.34% at 1.5 V. CH4 production rates at temperatures of 550°C, 600°C, and 650°C are all increased by 3%–4% when a voltage of 1.5 V is applied.
Fluidized bed CaO hydration-dehydration cycles for application to sorption-enhanced methanation
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2019
A. Coppola, F. Massa, P. Salatino, F. Scala
The typical metals used to catalyze the methanation reaction are, according to Mills and Steffgen (Mills and Steffgen 1974), Ru, Ni, Co, Fe, and Mo: among them Ni-based catalysts are the most commonly used for commercial application due to a good compromise in terms of high activity and selectivity and a low price as compared to the other metals. It is worth to mention that ruthenium catalysts are the most active ones for methanation (Panagiotopoulou, Kondarides, Verykios 2009) and they are particularly suited for operation at low temperature (Powell and Langer 1985), however their application is prohibitive due to the very high price of Ru, which is about 120 times higher than that of Ni (InfoMine).
Advances in state-of-art valorization technologies for captured CO2 toward sustainable carbon cycle
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2018
Shu-Yuan Pan, Pen-Chi Chiang, Weibin Pan, Hyunook Kim
The commonly used catalysts for methanation process are based on Group VIII metals, such as Ni and Ru, and supported on various porous materials (Nizio et al., 2016). The catalytic activity of transitional metals in CO2 methanation is in the following order (Duyar et al., 2016):
Alternatives of municipal solid wastes to energy for sustainable development. The case of Barranquilla (Colombia)
Published in International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, 2021
Alexis Sagastume Gutiérrez, Jorge M. Mendoza Fandiño, Juan J. Cabello Eras
Moreover, catalytic methanation (see Figure 3) is the chemical reaction of hydrogen and carbon oxides at elevated temperatures in the presence of a catalyst to produce methane and water (Seemann and Thunman 2019).