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Multi-Disciplinary Nature of Microbes in Agricultural Research
Published in Gustavo Molina, Zeba Usmani, Minaxi Sharma, Abdelaziz Yasri, Vijai Kumar Gupta, Microbes in Agri-Forestry Biotechnology, 2023
Zengwei Feng, Honghui Zhu, Qing Yao
PGPRs are a group of rhizobacteria that are completely classified according to their function, that is, promotion in plant growth driven by a variety of mechanisms. P is an essential component of cell membrane and nucleic acid and is of great significance for plant growth and development. However, 95–99% of P exists in insoluble, immobilized, or precipitated forms; therefore, it is difficult for plants to utilize it (Gouda et al. 2018). On one hand, these insoluble inorganic phosphates in soils, such as tricalcium phosphate, aluminum phosphate, iron phosphate, can be converted to orthophosphate by PSB via secreting low molecular weight organic acids (e.g., gluconic acid, oxalic acid, and citric acid) and released H+ (Long et al. 2018). On the other hand, PSB can secrete phosphomonoesterases, such as acid and alkaline phosphatases, phytases, and nucleotidases, which are capable of catalyzing mineralization of insoluble organic phosphate (sugar phosphates, phytate, and nucleotides) in soils (Fraser et al. 2015). After successful colonization in the rhizosphere, PSB can significantly regulate soil P status and promote their host plant growth, especially in low-P soils. For instance, inoculation with two PSB strains significantly increased soil available P by 35–38% and plant biomass by 22–26% for maize, moreover, increased soil available P by 38–41% and plant biomass by 18–24% for wheat (Kaur and Reddy 2015). Analogous to the study by García-López et al. (2016), they found that Bacillus subtilis QST713 increased P uptake by 107% and dry matter by 73% for cucumber.
Environmentally Friendly Approach: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of α-Aminophosphonate Derivatives
Published in Satish A. Dake, Ravindra S. Shinde, Suresh C. Ameta, A. K. Haghi, Green Chemistry and Sustainable Technology, 2020
Nature has chosen phosphates as essential chemicals in many critically important biological processes and materials. They are so versatile and fundamentally important in the chemistry of living systems, in many ways, that it would be difficult to imagine any other chemical types would be able to meet the manifold demands of living systems [19]. The phosphate group is present in (i) intermediates of important biochemical pathways (e.g., sugar phosphates, isopentenyl pyrophosphate), in (ii) structural elements of the cell (e.g., DNA, phospholipids, and protein phosphates), in (iii) the energy management of the cell (e.g., ATP, phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP)) and in (iv) messenger molecules (e.g., myoinositol triphosphate, cAMP). Their phosphonate counterparts are found far less widespread in living organisms [20].
Oragnic Chemicals in the Environment
Published in Richard A. Larson, Eric J. Weber, Reaction Mechanisms in Environmental Organic Chemistry, 2018
Richard A. Larson, Eric J. Weber
Sugars and polysaccharides in the soil may be synthesized by microorganisms or may derive from plant litter (Cheshire et al., 1973). About 10% of the organic matter in soil is carbohydrate (Flaig, 1971), and virtually all of it is polymeric, but some free monosaccharides have been identified; glucose, galactose, fructose, xylose, arabinose and ribose, for example, were detected in cold water extracts of a Norwegian pine-forest soil. (Grov, 1963). Isotopic labeling studies by Cheshire (1977) implied that most of the hexose sugars in soil originated through microbial synthesis. However, the pentose sugars in soil polysaccharides appeared to be almost entirely derived from plant residues or gums. Sugar phosphates, particularly phytic acid (inositol hexaphosphate, 25) are common in many soils; as much as 50% of the organic P in soil may be esterified to sugar alcohols. Several different stereoisomers of inositol phosphates have been identified from various soils. It is probable that several of the isomers are microbially synthesized; the remainder may be of plant origin (Caldwell and Black, 1958; Martin and Wicken, 1966).
Investigating the potential origin and formation of humic substances in biological wastewater treatment systems from the forms of phosphorus
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Mengfan Chen, Xibiao Jin, Yuan Wang, Haojie Bao
Various forms of P, in the influent and the bio-HS extracted from sludge and effluent, were detected by 31P-NMR (Figure 3), and the assignment of 31P chemical shifts were summarized in Table 3. The 31P-NMR spectra exhibited intense signals at δ = 3.3–6.3 ppm and δ = −0.4–0.7 ppm, including orthophosphate, monoester P fragments and diester P fragments, respectively. Based on the difference in the chemical shifts, the monoester P is divided into three regions [23]. Monoester 1 region (δ = 6.9–6.2 ppm) represents the degradation of inositol phosphate, monoester 2 region (δ = 5.9–4.0 ppm) includes diester degradation products and inositol phosphates, and monoester 3 region (δ = 4.0–2.7 ppm) represents sugar phosphates. The orthophosphate region (δ = 5.9–6.1 ppm) is between monoester 1 region and monoester 2 region [23]. The diester region (δ = 2.7 to −1.6 ppm) contains phospholipids, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
Process variables that defined the phytofiltration efficiency of invasive macrophytes in aquatic system
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2023
Yetunde Irinyemi Bulu, Nurudeen Abiola Oladoja
Using the transporter protein in the plasma membrane, P is taken up by plant cells in the inorganic form (Pi) (Figure 2) (Smith et al.2003), where it is either translocated from the root to the shoot or the shoot to the root. According to Thiébaut (2008), P assimilation and storage depends on the growth characteristics of the plants, plant species, the seasons, and the water and sediment trophic levels. Through various chemical reactions, the Pi is incorporated into organic compounds, such as nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), phosphoproteins, phospholipids, sugar phosphates, enzymes, and energy-rich phosphate compounds (e.g., adenosinetriphosphate (ATP)).
Phytoremediation capabilities of Spirodela polyrhiza, Salvinia molesta and Lemna sp. in synthetic wastewater: A comparative study
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2018
Yin Sim Ng, Derek Juinn Chieh Chan
The removal of phosphate by the macrophytes is depicted in Figure 3. From the result, the phosphate level in the control sample remained the same throughout the experiment. In the macrophytes samples, all their phosphate level decreased significantly during the experimental run. This was because the macrophytes were very efficient in taking up phosphate for their growth. Phosphorus is a macronutrient of plant and the major constituent in ADP and ATP which are crucial for energy storage and transfer in photosynthesis and respiration. It is needed for formation of ADP and ATP and also as the building block for nucleic acids, nucleotides, sugar phosphates and many more (Tisdale et al. 1993) especially during the active growth of plants. Such huge phosphate decrement was also shown in previous work. (Ng and Chan, 2017) However, the phosphate removal rate and profile for each of the macrophytes were different. S. molesta had the lowest removal efficiency, with 36% of phosphate removal to a value of 13.7 mg/L at day 10. Its phosphate removal was at the slowest pace throughout the experiment. As for S. polyrhiza, it managed to remove 72% of phosphate to 6.17 mg/L at day 10. Most of the phosphate was removed substantially in first 4 days of the experiment. As for Lemna sp., it achieved the highest phosphate removal among the macrophytes with 86% removal efficiency at day 12 and capable of reducing phosphate concentration to a mere 3.27 mg/L, which equivalent to 1.07 mg/L P. The level obtained had met the allowable limit of 5 mg/L P. (Department of Environment M 2009) In Lemna sp. batch, the removal profile of phosphate was similar to S. polyrhiza for the first 4 days whereby considerable amount of phosphate were taken up. After day 4, Lemna sp. outperformed S. polyrhiza, in terms of phosphate removal. Thus, Lemna sp. is the most preferable species for phosphate removal since it had the highest phosphate decrement. Based on the data, all the macrophytes were able to meet the limit ≤5 mg/L P set by the local statutory body – but Lemna sp. and S. polyrhiza reached the limit by day 2 whereas S. molesta only hit the limit at day 8. Therefore, both Lemna sp. and S. polyrhiza could reduce the retention time in treating wastewater around 20 mg/L PO43− to 2 days or less compared to S. molesta.