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Critical Analysis and Future Scope of Green Synthesis Routes
Published in Piyal Mondal, Mihir Kumar Purkait, Green Synthesized Iron-based Nanomaterials, 2023
Piyal Mondal, Mihir Kumar Purkait
Usually, in laboratory process magnetic separation is performed by low-gradient magnetic separation technique. In such process a low magnetic field gradient is generated (<100 T/m) by placing a permanent magnet adjacent to the sample, and separation of magnetic NPs takes place in batch mode. On the other hand, for industrial purposes high gradient magnetic separation is generally adopted. The setup consists of a column packed with magnetic NPs matrix composed of stainless steel wool. The NP matrix is left exposed to an external magnetic field. The suspension to be treated then flows continuously through the column. A large localized magnetic field gradient (~104 T/m) generated near the matrix surfaces serves to capture the magnetic materials from the flowing stream. On switching off, the external magnetic field releases the captured magnetic materials since the magnetic matrix gets demagnetized. Such process is successfully implemented in various chemical engineering plants such as food-processing, power plants, as well as wastewater treatment plants.
Opportunities for Hydrogen Production from Urban/Industrial Wastewater in Bioelectrochemical Systems
Published in Sonia M. Tiquia-Arashiro, Deepak Pant, Microbial Electrochemical Technologies, 2020
Albert Guisasola, Juan Antonio Baeza, Antonella Marone, Éric Trably, Nicolas Bernet
Another cassette-based configuration was designed and tested by Baeza et al. (2017). The 130 L pilot was made with 10 cassette cells, each one with two flat anodes made of stainless steel mesh wrapped with graphite fibers and a cathode of stainless steel wool separated by two AEM. The catholyte was water with NaCl 4g/L and the anolyte was urban wastewater. COD removal was around 25%, but it could be improved at lower organic loading rates. The hydrogen production was 0.031 m3/m3/d with a hydrogen content higher than 94%. The amount of hydrogen recovered improved the previous results obtained by Heidrich et al. (2013) in a cassette configuration, probably due to the improved cell design, with the tightening of 34 wing nuts that held the PVC frames to the rest of cell materials.
Filtration in the Chemical Process Industry
Published in Michael J. Matteson, Clyde Orr, Filtration, 2017
Mompei Shirato, Toshiro Murase, Eiji Iritani, Frank M. Tiller, Antoine F. Alciatore
High-intensity magnetic filters [18, 19] consist of ferromagnetic stainless steel wool in an otherwise uniform magnetic field. Paramagnetic parparticles can be removed from a fluid flowing through wire wool matrix. For removing weakly paramagnetic particles, a large number of applications have been investigated in mineral slimes processing, in pollution control and industrial waste management, and in chemical and biochemical processing.
Tribo-mechanical performance of brake composite material: a comprehensive review
Published in Tribology - Materials, Surfaces & Interfaces, 2023
Dhinakaran Veeman, Jitendra Kumar Katiyar, Alessandro Ruggiero
The semi-metallic formulation was the first updated formulation to substitute the asbestos-based material. The steel wool fibres have been strengthened and shown to be superior in transferring thermal energy effectiveness, reducing binder loss, and improving friction and wear resistance [79–81]. In addition, by adding stainless wool fibres in a semi-metallic formulation, the thermal conductivity is improved, the fades efficiency is decreased, and performance improvements and μ recovery [82]. Still, with the addition of stainless-steel wool fibre, other steel fibres of stainless steel and oxide laminated steel fibres increased the density, hardness and wear resistance in friction materials [83–85]. Further, it was reported that the steel fibre also has a compacted secondary platform, which enhances the wear resistance of the brake pad. Since 1913, copper has been used in friction products. Heat transfer was one of the challenges faced by manufacturing companies over the decades of asbestos-based brake pads. It was found that the copper fibre acted efficiently when it was positioned generally on the surface of friction and spread in the matrix for heat transfer [86–88]. The copper fibre then became an unavoidable component in all the friction formulations as practical fillers or additives because of their ability to convey heat, minimize the wear rate and increase the negative fading of the composite at a high-temperature level [89–91]. The surface temperature of copper can be regulated, and the hot spot formed due to the reduction of overheating [92].
Prediction of Heat Transfer in Reciprocating Antifreeze Flow Through a Porous Filter
Published in Heat Transfer Engineering, 2021
Thermocouple wire bids are welded using an Omega thermocouple and fine wire welder for improved response frequency. All thermocouples are Omega K-type nickel-chromium thermocouples with a diameter of 0.6 mm. The data from thermocouples are acquired by Keithley 2700 multimeter, data acquisition & switch systems/Keithley 7700 20 channel differential multiplexer module (Figure 1, #10) and forwarded to the computer. The porous media (filter) in the experimental setup is built by using stainless steel wool (Figure 1, #11). The void fraction (porosity), ε, of the filter is 93.8% for the volume swept by the oscillating flow and porosity for the entire filter is 93.7%. The porous domain is distributed homogenously along the length of the electrical heater. Steel wool cross section is rectangular with edges 399.9 µm by 34.7 µm which is made of SAE 304. Thermal conductivity of steel wool is 15 W/mK. Width and thickness of the steel is measured by ZEISS motic xsz-g optical microscope. Filter behaves almost like a clear fluid from the hydrodynamic point because of its high porosity. The volume between entrance and exit probes is determined as the control volume.
Tritium Extraction from Water
Published in Fusion Science and Technology, 2019
W. T. Shmayda, C. R. Shmayda, G. Torres
The commonly noted disadvantage of alkaline cells is the potential for KOH migrating into and deactivating the catalyst in the LPCE column. Figure 3 shows how KOH transport to the LPCE column is reduced to trace levels. Hydrogen gas destined to the LPCE column is first passed through a rinser filled with stainless steel wool to encourage KOH plateout on the wool surface. Feedstock water is introduced to the electrolysis cell at the top of the rinser to redirect KOH transport back to the cell. This washing technique has been very effective: No KOH accumulation has been measured at the bottom of the LPCE column after thousands of operational hours. Downstream of the rinser, the hydrogen is passed through a catalyst to convert trace amounts of oxygen in the stream to water and then a condenser to reduce water vapor carryover from the cell to the column.