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Design Criteria in Water Treatment Processes
Published in Willy J. Masschelein, Unit Processes in Drinking Water Treatment, 2020
In the United States the approach to raw water quality criteria is based on the definition of permissible criteria and desirable criteria. The type of treatment to which the definition of these criteria is related is called a standard treatment, involving coagulation with the eventual addition of coagulation aids and active carbon, sedimentation, rapid sand filtration, and disinfection with chlorine. It must be emphasized that the treatment is adapted to the particular water under consideration. The potential formation of organohalogenated compounds and more severe disinfection criteria (e.g., for giardiasis) determine any changes in the applicable criteria.
Advanced treatment technologies for removal of contaminants of emerging concern
Published in Manish Kumar, Sanjeeb Mohapatra, Kishor Acharya, Contaminants of Emerging Concerns and Reigning Removal Technologies, 2022
Om Prakash, Deepak Panchal, Abhishek Sharma, Sukdeb Pal
Wastewater treatment plants are generally considered to be standard treatment option for the removal of various pollutants including colloidal particles, organics, heavy metals, nutrients, and pathogens from effluent. However, these treatment plants are not adequately designed for the removal of CECs. Operating conditions of treatment facility, physicochemical characteristics, and persistence of CECs play a major role in the removal of CECs. Treatment facilities generally consist of primary, secondary, and an optional tertiary treatment stage, where primary treatment steps facilitated maximum removal of colloidal and suspended particles/solids. CECs are also expected to be removed to some extent through the process of adsorption onto sludge in the primary stage. It is noteworthy that adsorption can only facilitate removal of a few pharmaceutical compounds, whereas CECs like naproxen, sulfamethoxazole (SMX), iopromide, and ibuprofen (IBU) remained dissolved in the wastewater. The secondary treatment stage involves biological transformation and mineralization of CECs through the action of various processes such as activated sludge process (ASP), trickling filters, microalgae-/fungi-driven treatments, moving bed biofilm reactors, and aerobic/anaerobic/facultative microbiological treatments. The microbial/fungal based treatments have been found to be efficient for PPCPs removal (95%–100%) but are generally ineffective for pesticides removal. The coupled treatment systems such as biological active processes facilitate the biodegradation and adsorption simultaneously that effectively remove the betablockers and pesticides, except a few CECs (Jin et al., 2013). Sorption of CECs onto the suspended particles allowed the easy removal of sorbed CECs along with sludge removal during the biological processes. Some of the CECs (betablockers) showed poor removal during the ASP process as the dominant removal mechanism was not biodegradation and only adsorption onto suspended particles playing the major role (Ahmed et al., 2017). Trickling filter was observed to be less effective and showed <70% removal efficiency when compared with ASP (>85%). Given the physicochemical stability of these compounds, microorganisms alone cannot metabolize them as a source of energy. This may eventually inhibit the activity of microorganisms that can lead to bioaccumulation of CECs in the food chain.
Digital PET/CT with 18F-FACBC in early castration-resistant prostate cancer: our preliminary results
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2022
Luca Filippi, Oreste Bagni, Orazio Schillaci
Until 2018, standard treatment of nmCRPC mainly consisted of maximal androgen blockade through the addition of 1st generation anti-androgen (bicalutamide) plus androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). In recent years, nmCRPC therapeutic landscape has been thoroughly changed by the introduction of 2nd generation anti-androgens (i.e. apalutamide, darolutamide and enzalutamide) [3]. Phase 3 SPARTAN and PROSPER trials, in fact, demonstrated the efficacy of apalutamide and enzalutamide, respectively, to prevent the development of metastases in nmCRPC with a PSA doubling time (PSAdt) ≤10 months [4,5]. More recently, the clinical trial ARAMIS supported the introduction of another 2nd generation anti-androgen (i.e. darolutamide) for the clinical management of nmCRPC [6].