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Reprotoxic and Endocrine Substances
Published in Małgorzata Pośniak, Emerging Chemical Risks in the Work Environment, 2020
Katarzyna Miranowicz-Dzierżawska
It has been established that spironolactone and its metabolite are mineralocorticoid antagonists, competitively block the binding of aldosterone to cytoplasmic receptors of endothelial cells of the distal renal tubule and collecting tubule, which prevents the synthesis of the so-called aldosterone inducing proteins in potassium channels with the involvement of Na+/K+-ATPase. This leads to decreased sodium absorption and potassium secretion in the cells. The effect has not been observed in animals with removed adrenal glands. Repeated parenteral administration of thioguanine (purine antimetabolite with cytostatic effects) to laboratory animals caused hemorrhagic necrosis of the adrenal cortex. Hexadimethrine bromide, a heparin antagonist, causes damage to zona glomerulosa and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex. Their cells produce mineralocorticoids as well as androgens and estrogens, respectively. Carbon tetrachloride induces necrosis of the adrenal cortex due to damage to the zona reticularis. Acrylonitrile, pyrazole, and cystamine, a natural derivative of cysteine, causes hemorrhagic necrosis of the adrenal glands. Repeated administration of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene to laboratory animals induces a slow-onset adrenal gland necrosis. Xenobiotics may directly or indirectly influence the biosynthesis of adrenal hormones and the secretory function of the adrenal cortex. Aminoglutethimide, an aromatase inhibitor, used in the treatment of breast cancer in postmenopausal women inhibits the biosynthesis of progesterone and glucocorticoids when administered in large doses. Tri-o-cresyl-phosphate and tri-tert-butyl phenyl phosphate inhibit the activity of cholesterol esterase, prohibiting cholesterol from being used in the biosynthesis of adrenal gland hormones. DDD, 1,1′-(2,2-dichloroethane-1,1-diyl)bis(4-chlorobenzene), a metabolite of DDT, an organochloride insecticide, caused the degeneration of the adrenal gland cell and athropy of the gland in dogs. Such changes were not observed in other species, including humans. In dogs, DDD administered intravenously in large doses (60 mg/kg body weight) inhibited ACTH-induced steroid production, establishing a correlation between steroidogenesis inhibition and the degree of damage to zona fasciculata and zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex by the compound. DDD, under the name mitotane, was used in the treatment of adrenal gland tumors, linked to abnormal adrenal cortex hormone secretion [Starek 2007].
Removal of emerging pollutants by clay and clay-nZVI nanocomposites-A review
Published in Environmental Technology Reviews, 2023
Geetha Gopal, Amitava Mukherjee
Spironolactone (SP) is one of the asteroid drugs often used as a competitive aldosterone antagonist. SP has been used for treating adrenal cortex insufficiency, allergies, inflammations, and diseases. Almost 100% of SP was eliminated within 180 min of interaction with 250 mg/L of B–nZVI when the initial SP concentration was 100 mg/L. The adsorption of SP to B–nZVI, the formation of Fe (II)–SP complex, and the cleavage of the SH bond of SP are the proposed processes that eliminated SP using B–nZVI [50]. Mefenamic acid (MA), a derivative of anthranilic acid, is a member of the fenamate group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). The removal process of MA by B–nZVI followed a pseudo-second-order rate model with a higher removal capacity (Qmax) of 108.7 mg/g compared to charcoal, which had 92.6 mg/g removal capacity only [51].