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The Petrochemical Industry
Published in James G. Speight, Handbook of Petrochemical Processes, 2019
To complete this series of definitions and to reduce the potential for any confusion that might occur later in this text, specialty chemicals (also called specialties or effect chemicals) are particular chemical products, which provide a wide variety of effects on which many other industry sectors rely. Specialty chemicals are materials used on the basis of their performance or function. Consequently, in addition to effect chemicals they are sometimes referred to as performance chemicals or formulation chemicals. The physical and chemical characteristics of the single molecules or the formulated mixtures of molecules and the composition of the mixtures influence the performance of the end product.
The feasibility of reusing highway runoff for fabric dyeing: a proof of concept
Published in Journal of Applied Water Engineering and Research, 2022
Muhammad Arslan, Irfan Ahmed Shaikh
Reusing stormwater is becoming the most suitable solution to deal with the shortage of freshwater supplies (Connor et al. 2008). The textile industry is one of the highest waters uses industries. Water is used extensively throughout textile processing operations. The quantity of water required for textile processing is extensive and varies from mill to mill depending on fabric produce, process, equipment type and dyestuff. The longer the processing sequence, the higher will be the quantity of water required. For cotton textile wet finishing operations, almost 10000–300000 liters of water/1000 Kg of product is used during the dyeing process (Shaikh 2009). Almost all dyes, specialty chemicals, and finishing chemicals are applied to the textile substrate from water baths. In addition, most fabric preparation steps, including desizing, scouring, bleaching and mercerizing, use aqueous systems.
Review of mathematical models for production planning under uncertainty due to lack of homogeneity: proposal of a conceptual model
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2019
Isabel Mundi, M. M. E. Alemany, Raúl Poler, Vicente S. Fuertes-Miquel
Rajaram and Karmarkar (2002) consider a refinery industry of wheat- and starch-based products, such as glucose, sorbitol, dextrose and gluten, which are utilised as components in the food processing, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles and specialty chemicals industries. As the production in these industries varies due to uncertainty in the yield of the chemical reactions employed in these processes, the characteristics of this SC are analogous to the petroleum sector already studied. Thus, subtypes (S.) appear by the different qualities of raw materials as result of their compositions or characteristics, giving place to different quantities or yields (S. Qty) which may take different values (S. Value). The LHP characteristic in the paper is the appearance of subtypes (S.) with different quantities per subtype (S. Qty) due to the inherent randomness in yield. The paper considers uncertainty in production yields, so LHP uncertainty occurs in Subtype Quantity in the process. From the modelling approach perspective, Rajaram and Karmarkar (2002) use Stochastic Programming (SP) and they adopt Distribution-Based Approach from a viewpoint Uncertainty modelling.
A survey of semiconductor supply chain models part I: semiconductor supply chains, strategic network design, and supply chain simulation
Published in International Journal of Production Research, 2018
Lars Mönch, Reha Uzsoy, John W. Fowler
While the focus of this paper is on the production of the semiconductor devices themselves, and hence on the segment of the supply chain from wafer fabrication through probe, assembly, and final testing, the larger semiconductor supply chain is somewhat broader in scope. Many firms of varying sizes provide different types of design services, ranging from fabless firms that design entire devices and outsource the manufacturing to smaller firms that develop modular designs for individual subsystems that other firms can incorporate into larger designs. The production of the raw wafers that form the principal input to wafer fabrication and the specialty chemicals used in the manufacturing processes are also essential to the industry. Firms designing and producing the manufacturing equipment are a very important part of the larger semiconductor ecosystem, as are those producing the masks required for the photolithography process. The firms that supply the lead frames and other components for the assembly and packaging process are also important, as are the firms that supply the tooling for wafer probe and testing. However, in the interest of brevity, models developed for these different sectors are not considered here.