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Catalytic Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass into Fuels and Value-Added Chemicals
Published in Sonil Nanda, Prakash Kumar Sarangi, Dai-Viet N. Vo, Fuel Processing and Energy Utilization, 2019
Shireen Quereshi, Suman Dutta, Tarun Kumar Naiya
Nevertheless, other catalysts with high Brønsted acidity such as phosphotungstic acid are also very effective for the production of EMF from biomass-derived products (Wang et al. 2017c). Subsequently, the amino acids with phosphotungstic acid creating acid-base bifunctional hybrid catalysts are investigated and found effective for the production of 76.6, 58.5, 42.4, and 36.5% EMF from fructose, inulin, sorbose, and sucrose, respectively, using ethanol and DMSO at 120°C in 900 minutes (Li et al. 2014). Similarly, a silver exchange heterogeneous heteropoly acid is reported to have 88.7% EMF yield from HMF in ethanol medium (Ren et al. 2015). Since silver is a precious and expensive metal, attempts have been made to synthesize heterogenized heteropoly acid catalysts through the addition of supporting material. In this regard, the highest EMF yields of 91.5–61.5% from HMF and fructose, respectively, were measured using 30 wt% K-10 clay-HPW (Liu et al. 2014a).
Microorganisms in Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology
Published in Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke, Modern Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, 2017
Nduka Okafor, Benedict C. Okeke
The acetic acid bacteria are Acetobacter (peritrichously flagellated) and Gluconobacter (polarly flagellated). They have the following properties:They carry out incomplete oxidation of alcohol leading to the production of acetic acid, and are used in the manufacture of vinegar.Gluconobacter lacks the complete citric acid cycle and cannot oxidize acetic acid; Acetobacter on the other hand, has all the citric acid enzymes and can oxidize acetic acid further to CO2.They can tolerate acid conditions of pH 5.0 or lower.Their property of ‘under-oxidizing’ sugars is exploited in the following:The production of glucoronic acid from glucose, galactonic acid from galactose and arabonic acid from arabinose;The production of sorbose from sorbitol by acetic acid bacteria, an important stage in the manufacture of ascorbic acid (also known as Vitamin C).Acetic acid bacteria are able to produce pure cellulose when grown in an unshaken culture.
Applications of Biotechnology: Biology Doing Chemistry
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
Vitamins for both animal and human use are obtained in several ways. Both vitamin A (retinol) and its precursor carotene are produced in multi-ton quantities. Vitamin D is produced from steroids by UV radiation (see Section 10.1.1.8). Vitamin E is mainly semisynthetic, as described in Section 10.1.1.9, but about 10% is extracted from natural sources. Vitamin B1 (thiamine) is produced mainly by chemical methods. Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) is made in substantial quantities for use in both human and animal food. It is produced by several of the major agricultural and pharmaceutical companies, including Aventis, BASF, and Roche. Genetically engineered version of both Bacillus subtilis and Corynebacterium ammoniagenes are used. Both vitamin B3 (niacin) and B6 (thiamine) are produced mainly by chemical methods, but biological alternatives are under study. Vitamin B12 is produced only by prokaryotic microorganisms. Humans require the vitamin in the amount of about 1 ng/day, and it is adsorbed from the digestive tract where it is produced by microorganisms. Production of vitamin B12 by fermentation technology began at Merck in 1952, using Pseudomonas denitrificans. There have been many subsequent improvements. Currently, vitamin B12 is produced commercially using microorganisms by Aventis. The producing organisms have been improved both by random mutation and genetic engineering.1 The annual value of vitamin B12 production is around $70 million. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) is produced from d-glucose by a sequence consisting of five chemical steps and one fermentation step, the latter being conversion of d-sorbitol to l-sorbose.
Optimization and purification of glucansucrase produced by Leuconostoc mesenteroides DRP2-19 isolated from Chinese Sauerkraut
Published in Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 2018
Renpeng Du, Fangkun Zhao, Lei Pan, Ye Han, Huazhi Xiao, Zhijiang Zhou
Some potential carbon sources were determined, including glucose, mannose, galactose, fructose, sorbose, arabinose, rhamnose, sucrose, lactose, xylose, raffinose, maltose, and soluble starch as sole carbon source. Similarly, several phosphate were tested, including KH2PO4, K2HPO4, NaH2PO4, and Na2HPO4. Each phosphate was mixed to a flask containing 0.2% (w/v) of liquid medium. Different metal ions, including Ag+, Li+, Na+, K+, Hg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, Ba2+, Fe2+, Co2+, Pb2+, Ni2+, Sn2+, Fe3+, Al3+, and Cr3+ were acceded to a flask to a concentration of 0.2 mM in MRS medium to test which metal ion best aggrandized the production of glucansucrase.
Elucidation of molecular diversity and functional characterization of phenanthrene degrading consortium NS-PAH-2015-PNP-5
Published in Bioremediation Journal, 2022
Suryakant Panchal, Arpita Ghosh, Prerana Koti, Namita Singh
SEM analysis (Figure 3) for the community topography of NS-PAH-2015-PNP-5 revealed complex texture and dense association in the form of the clump of various bacterial species contained within it. The results of the carbohydrate utilization test showed that consortium NS-PAH-2015-PNP-5 utilized dextrose, L-arabinose, ONPG, esculin, citrate, and malonate. In contrast, it was unable to utilized lactose, xylose, maltose, fructose, galactose, raffinose, trehalose, melibiose, sucrose, mannose, inulin, sodium gluconate, glycerol, salicin, dulcitol, inositol, sorbitol, mannitol, adonitol, arabitol, erythritol, α-methyl-D-glucoside, rhamnose, cellobiose, melezitose, O-methyl-D-mannoside, xylitol, D-arabinose, and sorbose.