China 
Africa 
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Soil
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
Urea is easier to manufacture and handle than ammonium nitrate. It is now the favored solid nitrogen-containing fertilizer. The overall reaction for urea synthesis is CO2+2NH3→CO(NH2)2+H2O
Air Pollutants and Their Adverse Effects
Published in Jeff Kuo, Air Pollution Control Engineering for Environmental Engineers, 2018
Many terms are being used to describe the state of an air pollutant. Air is a mixture of gases. Gas is a state of matter that has no fixed shape and volume. Vapor refers to a gas phase where the same substance also exists in its liquid and/or solid state under that condition. For example, we say that our ambient air contains nitrogen gas and water vapor. It is because no liquid or solid nitrogen coexists with the nitrogen gas, while water and/or ice is present with water vapor under ambient conditions.
Introduction
Published in Randall F. Barron, Gregory F. Nellis, Cryogenic Heat Transfer, 2017
Randall F. Barron, Gregory F. Nellis
The latent heat of sublimation is hsg = 252 kJ/kg (108 Btu/lbm) from Table 1.12, and the density of solid nitrogen is ρs = 1028 kg/m3 (64.2 lbm/ft3). The saturation pressure at 60 K may be determined from Equation 1.42.
Extension of the effective solid-fluid Steele potential for Mie force fields
Published in Molecular Physics, 2019
Guadalupe Jiménez-Serratos, Harry Cárdenas, Erich A. Müller
For the first test, CG nitrogen beads are inserted at a distance from an explicit surface (gold, graphite, or boron nitride) and at randomly generated positions. The solid–nitrogen energy is averaged over 10 insertions and the procedure is repeated for other relevant distances. In Figure 3, we present direct comparisons of the average explicit solid–nitrogen energy and the analytical wall-fluid potential (continuous line), Equation (15), for gold, graphite, and boron nitride. In all systems, the analytical potential accurately reproduces the average interactions of the explicit system. The deviation between the explicit solid data and the analytical potential (Equation (15)) is less than 1% for nm, and it is increased to ∼5% as the potentials tend to zero. The errors and deviations are given in the SI for the boron nitride system, as an example. In the same figure, we include the Mie version of the (9-3) potential (dashed line), Equation (12). We observe that this expression misrepresents the effective interaction for all surfaces. The agreement is slightly better for gold, as expected, since the interlayer distance is smaller than that of graphite and h-BN, and then, a 3D integration is appropriate. The trends are similar to those observed in LJ systems for the (9-3) and (10-4-3) potentials (see for example Ref. [20]).
Cycloaddition of molecular dinitrogens: formation of tetrazete anion (N4-; D2h) through associative electron attachment
Published in Molecular Physics, 2019
Although the tetrazete anion is yet to be observed directly, its chemical synthesis through the associative electron attachment is a promising development due to the inherent high inter-fragment bond-order. Interest in the synthesis of these all-nitrogen containing molecule with geometrically metastable structure is associated with the prospect of its application as a potential environment-friendly high-energy density material. In practice, the LEE induced preparation of tetrazete anion could also be easily established in condensed phases, e.g. solid nitrogen, through the resonant electron attachment. This LEE induced condense phase reaction channel can also attract much attention in astrochemical research because of the importance of radiation effects in solid nitrogen and nitrogen-containing ices which could be present in astrochemical environments. Finally, using the photodetachment anion spectroscopy, the tetrazete anion can also be used for characterising the electronic states of the elusive tetrazete ( N4) molecule.