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Liquid Plasma
Published in Ming-Fa Lin, Wen-Dung Hsu, Jow-Lay Huang, Lithium-Ion Batteries and Solar Cells, 2021
Masahiro Yoshimura, Jaganathan Senthilnathan, Anupama Surenjan
Functionalized graphene has been considered to be one of the most emergent materials; however, as described in Chapter 8 of this book, it is not well established to date. Senthilnathan et al. demonstrated the nitrogen functionalization of graphene in the liquid plasma process at ambient conditions [53]. In this study, a high potential was applied across the electrodes (graphite and platinum electrodes) in acetonitrile and radicalized graphene and punctured graphene sheets were exfoliated from the graphite electrode. The radicalized acetylene monomer •CH2C≡N present in the acetonitrile readily reacts with punctured graphene and forms nitrogen-functionalized graphene [10,53]. A schematic representation of micro-plasma discharge, graphene, and acetonitrile radical reaction, and the formation of nitrogen-functionalized graphene are given in Figure 9.3. Similarly, the liquid plasma process was used to prepare the nitrogen and boron co-doped graphene with acetonitrile containing sodium tetraphenylborate solution [54]. The HR-TEM images show that the amorphous-like nanocarbons were produced with 5 mM concentration of boron (Figure 9.4a–c), whereas a sponge-like graphene network was observed when the boron concentration was reduced from 5 to 0.1 mM (Figure 9.4d–f). Further, graphene nanosheets (few-layered) were obtained when the 1 and 0.1 mM boron were used, and the presence of N, B, and C has been monitored by EDX mapping analysis (Figure 9.4g–i). Hyun and Saito successfully demonstrated the formation of nitrogen–carbon nanosheets from 2-pyrrolidone, 1-methylpyrrolidine, pyrrolidine, pyrrole, cyclopentanone, and cyclohexanone in a liquid plasma condition [55].
Research Trends on Separation and Extraction of Rare Alkali Metal from Salt Lake Brine: Rubidium and Cesium
Published in Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 2020
Li Gao, Guihua Ma, Youxiong Zheng, Yan Tang, Guanshun Xie, Jianwei Yu, Bingxin Liu, Junyuan Duan
In precipitation, large anions (polyoxometalates,[20,21] acid complex salt, polyhalides, vitriol, and certain organic reagents) are combined with Rb+ and Cs+ in a solution to form insoluble compounds or crystal precipitates, thus removing Rb+ and Cs+ from the solution.[14,18] The most extensively studied precipitating agents include sodium tetraphenylborate (NaTPB),[22] silicotungstic acid (STA),[21] and potassium iodobismuthate.[20] Soliman et al[22] used sodium NaTPB as precipitant to remove 137Cs from radioactive waste liquid, and proposed that precipitated CsTPB particles can be floated from the solution by coating iron oxide. In addition, there were many studies on the separation and extraction of Rb+ and Cs+ from solution by using phosphotungstic acid (PWA). The reaction formula was