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Radioactive Releases Due to the Chernobyl Accident
Published in J. T. Rogers, Fission Product Transport Processes in Reactor Accidents, 2020
S. N. Begichev, A. A. Borovoj, E. V. Burlakov, A. J. Gagarinsky, V. F. Demin, A. A. Khrulev, I. L. Khodakovsky
Radioactive caesium (mainly, 137Cs) deserves specific attention. Key problems of ensuring the radiation safety of population in a long-term plan have to do with it. It has a very complicated picture of fallouts: — spot character;— relatively large area.
Minerals of base metals
Published in Francis P. Gudyanga, Minerals in Africa, 2020
Caesium is an alkaline soft metal with a low melting point of 28° C [274,275], a low boiling point [276,277] and is extremely reactive and pyrophoric. It burns with a violet or blue colour and reacts explosively with water even at low temperatures. It is mined from pollucite, Cs(AlSi2O6) [278,279], which is found in zoned pegmatites and associated with more commercially important lithium minerals lepidolie and petalite. Caesium alloys with other alkali metals, gold and mercury. With Sb, Ga, In and Th, which are photosensitive, caesium forms well-defined intermetallic compounds.
Review of Elements of Radiation Science and Technology
Published in Jiri George Drobny, Radiation Technology for Polymers, 2020
The most widely used radioactive isotopes in medical and industrial applications are cobalt 60 (60Co), cesium 137 (137Cs), and iridium 192 (192Ir). The half-life of 60Co is 5.3 years, that of 137Cs is 30 years, and the half-life of 192Ir is 74 days.27 When used for irradiation, the isotope is generally in the form of a pellet size, 1.5 × 1.5 mm, loaded into a stainless steel capsule and sealed or in the form of “pencils.” Unlike electron beam radiation or X-rays, gamma rays cannot be turned off. Once radioactive decay starts, it continues until all the atoms have reached a stable state. The radioisotope can only be shielded to prevent exposure to the radiation. The most common applications of gamma rays are sterilization of single-use medical supplies, elimination of organisms from pharmaceuticals, microbial reduction in and on consumer products, cancer treatment, and processing of polymers (cross-linking, polymerization, degradation, etc.). It should be noted that the products that were irradiated by gamma rays do not become radioactive and therefore can be handled normally.
Assessing the Lithium Potential of the Paleoproterozoic Rocks of the West African Craton; the Case so Far
Published in Geosystem Engineering, 2023
According to Wu et al. (2022), the mineral distribution in the pegmatites of the WAC is inconsistent and variable. In the pegmatite’s outer regions, minerals such as quartz, feldspar, mica, and occasionally tourmaline are found, whereas uncommon metals are generally absent. In the centre of the pegmatites, however, early lithium minerals such as petalite and spodumene are formed. Occasionally, caesium minerals such as pollucite are also observed. Following hydrothermal alteration, extensive albitisation and greisenisation occur. Tin and tantalum minerals may be associated during late-stage mineralization, while the primary lithium minerals undergo transmutation and break down into multiple lithium-containing minerals, including micas, zeolites, and phosphates. The system’s lithium budgets can also be affected by low-temperature alteration and degradation processes (Wu et al., 2022).
The concentration of radioisotopes (Potassium-40, Polonium-210, Radium-226, and Thorium-230) in fillet tissue carp fishes: A systematic review and probabilistic exposure assessment
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Peyman Ghajarbeygi, Vahid Ranaei, Zahra Pilevar, Amene Nematollahi, Sahebeh Ghanbari, Hajar Rahimi, Hoda Shirdast, Yadolah Fakhri, Trias Mahmudiono, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
The retrieving process of papers was conducted according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (Figure 1) (Liberati et al. 2009; Higgins and Green 2011). The search was conducted in Scopus and PubMed databases in order to retrieve papers on the concentration of radioisotopes in the fillet tissue of carp fish until October 2021. Keywords used in search databases were as follows “natural radioactivity” OR “Polonium-210” OR“Caesium-137” OR “lead-210” OR “Potassium-40” OR “Radium-226” OR “Thorium-230” OR “Radioisotopes” AND “marine foods” OR fish OR “Carp fish” OR “seafood” OR “Labeo rohita” OR “Carassius auratus” OR “Chalcalburnus tarichi” OR “Hypophthalmichthys molitrix .”The reference of papers was monitored to retrieve missed papers.
Lithium in pegmatites of the Fennoscandian Shield and operation prospects for the Kolmozero deposit on the Kola Peninsula (Russia)
Published in Applied Earth Science, 2022
P. V. Pripachkin, N. M. Kudryashov, T. V. Rundkvist, L. N. Morozova
Occurrences of the pegmatite hosted lithium mineralisation in Karelia are shown in Figure 1. Most pegmatites show complex mineralisation including lithium, rubidium, caesium, tantalum and niobium. The largest Tuoksjarvinskoye occurrence lies north of Ladoga Lake, 6 km northwest of the Helyulya railway station. Four pegmatite veins with the quartz-muscovite, cleavelandite-lepidolite and elbaite-cleavelandite-quartz composition are found in the occurrence (SOK 2014). The pegmatites discordantly intersect the upper parts of Early Proterozoic Sortavala greenstone succession, composited by amphibolites, siliceous carbonates and the clastic metasedimentary rocks. From 2 to 4–5 m-thick veins are traced for 200 m along the strike, the observed minerals included zinnwaldite, lepidolite and tantalite-columbite. Crystals of tantalite-columbite are usually small and only locally can reach 4 × 10 mm. The Li2O content in enriched concentrates made of zinnwaldite, lepidolite and tourmaline is 1.28–5.36%, Rb2O 1.85–3.10%, Cs2O 0.02–0.17% (SOK 2014).