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Environmental Biomonitoring, Sampling, and Testing
Published in Frank R. Spellman, The Science of Water, 2020
The term orthophosphate is a chemistry-based term that refers to the phosphate molecule all by itself. More specifically, orthophosphate is simple phosphate, or reactive phosphate, i.e., Na3PO4, sodium phosphate (tribasic), NaH2PO4, and sodium phosphate (monobasic). Orthophosphate is the only form of phosphate that can be directly tested for in the laboratory, and it is the form that bacteria use directly for metabolic processes. Reactive phosphorus is a corresponding method-based term that describes what is actually being measured when the test for orthophosphate is being performed. Because the lab procedure isn’t quite perfect, mostly orthophosphate is obtained along with a small fraction of some other forms.
Phase-Change Materials
Published in George A. Lane, Solar Heat Storage: Latent Heat Materials, 1986
Dibasic sodium phosphate, Na2HPO4, is also known as DSP, disodium phosphate, disodium orthophosphate, sodium orthophosphate, or disodium hydrogen phosphate. It is a common chemical, widely used in industry. It is produced either by reacting soda ash with phosphoric acid, or by treating dicalcium phosphate with soda ash. All these raw materials are cheap and readily available.
Pedunculagin isolated from Plinia cauliflora seeds exhibits genotoxic, antigenotoxic and cytotoxic effects in bacteria and human lymphocytes
Published in Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A, 2022
Amanda Silva Fernandes, Jefferson Hollanda Véras, Luana Santos Silva, Sara Cristina Puga, Elisa Flávia Luiz Cardoso Bailão, Matheus Gabriel de Oliveira, Clever Gomes Cardoso, Cristiene Costa Carneiro, Suzana Da Costa Santos, Lee Chen-Chen
PD was isolated from Plinia cauliflora seeds at the Chemistry Institute of the Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil (Pereira et al. 2017). Doxorubicin hydrochloride (DXR) was purchased from Glenmark Pharmaceutical Ltd. (São Paulo, Brazil). Sodium azide (SA) and 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO) were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. (St. Louis, USA). Fetal bovine serum (FBS) was obtained from Laborclin (Campinas, Brazil). Dibasic sodium phosphate and monobasic sodium phosphate were purchased from Doles (Goiânia, Brazil). Bacto agar, nutrient broth, NaCl, L-histidine, biotin, glucose, and Vogel-Bonner solution used in the Ames test, were obtained from Vetec Química Fina Ltda (Duque de Caxias, Brazil). The reagents used for culturing human lymphocytes and in the CometChip assay, Triton X-100 and stock lysate solution (distilled H2O, NaCl, EDTA, TRIS, NaOH, and sodium lauryl sarcosinate) were purchased from Neon Comercial Ltda (São Paulo, Brazil). Phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4), 0.4% trypan blue solution, Roswell Park Memorial Institute (RPMI) 1640 medium with L-glutamine, sodium bicarbonate, neutralizing buffer solution (Tris-HCl), agarose normal melting, and agarose low melting were obtained from Sigma Aldrich Brasil Ltd (São Paulo, Brazil). Gelbond® film was purchased from Lonza (Rockland, USA) and Ficoll-paque plus from Ge Healthcare (Sweden, UK). Ethidium bromide, sodium salt of penicillin G, and streptomycin sulfate were obtained from Life Technologies (São Paulo, Brazil). Phytohemagglutinin was purchased from Cultilab (Campinas, Brazil).
Effect of ultrasound pretreatment on physical, bioactive, and antioxidant properties of carrot cubes after centrifugal dewatering
Published in Drying Technology, 2021
Bo Liu, Bo Wang, Yuchuan Wang, Bimal Chitrakar, Min Zhang
Fresh carrots were purchased from a local supermarket (Auchan supermarket, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China). The water content of the carrots was 94.07 ± 1.34%. Rutin trihydrate, gallic acid, methanol, trichloroacetic acid, sodium phosphate dibasic anhydrous, sodium phosphate monobasic anhydrous, potassium hexacyanoferrate (III), iron (III) chloride hexahydrate, folin phenolic, sodium carbonate anhydrous, sodium nitrite, aluminum nitrate nonahydrate, sodium hydroxide, iron (II) sulfate heptahydrate, salicylic acid, ethanol absolute, hydrogen peroxide 30%, hexane. The above chemical reagents were obtained from Shanghai Sinopharm Chemical Reagents Co., LTD, China. β-carotene (HPLC UV ≥98.0%, Shanghai Yuanye Biotechnology Co., LTD., Shanghai, China), methanol (HPLC Grade) and acetonitrile (HPLC Grade, Seymour Fisher Technology Co., LTD., Shanghai, China), acetone and ultrapure water were obtained from Waston (A.S. Watson Group Limited Company). All the reagents were analytical grade unless otherwise indicated.
Microalgae for saline wastewater treatment: a critical review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Hoang Nhat Phong Vo, Huu Hao Ngo, Wenshan Guo, Soon Woong Chang, Dinh Duc Nguyen, Zhuo Chen, Xiaochang C. Wang, Rong Chen, Xinbo Zhang
For both options, the concentrate from the membrane process can be reused for influent of biological process. Several authors have applied microalgae or microalgae-bacteria system to recover nutrient and remediate organic pollutants in the membrane concentrate (Wang et al., 2016; Woo et al., 2019). However, the concentrate contains high-dose refractory organic pollutants, heavy metals and high salinity which hinder microorganism and microalgae growth. The concentration of Na+ and Cl- ions in the concentrate varies from hundreds to thousands mg/L (Kazner et al., 2014; Rahardianto, McCool, & Cohen, 2010). Thus, prior to recirculating for biological process, the concentrate needs proper dilution and pretreatment. Chemical pretreatment can recover salt and reduce load on the biological process. It is useful at a salt level below 1%. For example, sodium phosphate and sodium carbonate precipitate salt from the RO concentrate of desalination plants. Other pretreatment techniques include adsorption, electrokinetic, distillation and evaporation. These can deal with high level of pollutants in the concentrate but carry extra cost for chemical and energy (Tomasini et al., 2019). Therefore, choosing a pretreatment method needs to be regulates by particular cases that would depend on: level of pollutants in concentrate, discharged standard and economic balance.