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Solid Waste Source Reduction and Recycling
Published in Charles R. Rhyner, Leander J. Schwartz, Robert B. Wenger, Mary G. Kohrell, Waste Management and Resource Recovery, 2017
Charles R. Rhyner, Leander J. Schwartz, Robert B. Wenger, Mary G. Kohrell
Silica sand, a very pure form of silicon dioxide, is the most common ingredient in glass manufacturing. Sodium oxide, commonly known as soda ash, is used as a fluxing agent to lower the high melting point of sand. Blending limestone, the third major glass ingredient, with the soda ash reduces water solubility. Silica sand, soda ash, and limestone are all available in abundant supplies. By adding alumina, boric oxides, coloring agents, or other minor ingredients, easily formed durable containers can be produced. In addition to these ingredients, the glass container industry has always used in-house cullet in its batches because cullet melts at lower temperatures than the virgin raw materials used to make glass. If significant quantities of cullet are used, its lower melting results in energy savings in the manufacturing process. As noted in Table 4.3, energy savings are likely to be in the range of 4% to 32%.
Evaluation of three different glassy composites (quinary matrix designed using Cr2O3/Na2O/MnO2) in respect of radiation shielding behaviors
Published in Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids, 2021
Ozan Toker, Bayram Bilmez, Melis Ö. Toker, H. Birtan Kavanoz, Özgür Akçalı, Mehmet Yılmaz, Orhan İçelli
Sodium oxide (Na2O) is used to amplify the glass formation regions of other materials and helps to sustain more ion exchange and makes it easier to produce low melting glass. Sodium borate glasses have found public interest in the last decade and are used in many diverse areas from radiation shielding to fiberglass production (16,17).