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Applications of Particulate Dispersions and Composites
Published in Rajinder Pal, Rheology of Particulate Dispersions and Composites, 2006
Toothpaste is a particulate dispersion [55–57]. The dispersed phase of a toothpaste consists of solid particles of some mildly abrasive agent (usually dicalcium phosphate) to help remove stains and polish teeth. The weight percentage of solids in the dispersion is about 10 to 50. The continuous phase is an aqueous solution consisting of water, humectant (moisture controller to prevent the toothpaste from becoming dry and firm) such as glycerol, a binder or thickener such as sodium carboxymethylcellulose to prevent the solid particles of the polishing agent from settling out, detergent or surfactant such as lauryl sulphate to provide foaming action and to enhance the cleaning ability of the toothpaste, therapeutic agents such as sodium monofluorophosphate to prevent tooth decay, and minor amounts of flavors, preservatives, and coloring agents.
Fluoride and human health: Systematic appraisal of sources, exposures, metabolism, and toxicity
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Humayun Kabir, Ashok Kumar Gupta, Subhasish Tripathy
Many dental products available on the market, such as toothpaste, dentifrices, and mouth rinses, are systematically available sources of F− and contribute to overall exposure levels. The concentrations of F− in toothpastes and mouth rinses range from 1000 to 1500 and 230 to 900 mg L−1, respectively (Murray, 1986). These products contain F− in the form of sodium fluoride (NaF), stannous fluoride (SnF2), and sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2PFO3). Fluoride treatment gels contain acidulated or neutral phosphate F− with an F− ion concentration as high as 19,400 mg L−1 (Whitford, 1996). Use of F− containing dental products by children increases daily F− intake. Inadequate control of the swallowing reflex by preschool aged children results in a higher amount of F− ingestion (Levy, 1994). The F− exposure level from these products varies among individuals, depending on the frequency, amount of use, type of F− salt, F− concentration, and individual response. The amount of F− from toothpaste ingested by children consuming optimally fluoridated water, who have good control in swallowing and brush their teeth twice per day is approximately equal to the daily F− intake from drinking water, food, and beverages (Whitford, Allmann, & Shahed, 1987). Fluoride present in dental products interacts with saliva and forms CaF2. The formation of easily dissolvable CaF2 promotes uptake and incorporation into the crystalline lattice (Prabhu et al., 2017).