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Lampenflora as an accompaniment of mass cave tourism, problems and solutions for Postojnska jama, Slovenia
Published in Cesareo Saiz-Jimenez, The Conservation of Subterranean Cultural Heritage, 2014
Removal of lampenflora is an activity carried out regularly by the management of Postojnska jama. Till 2010, the procedure was based on a solution containing active chlorine (sodium dichloroisocyanurate dihydrate, C3H4Cl2N3NaO5 × 2H2O) in a working concentration of 100 mg/l of active chlorine. Application was carried out each second year in the winter period after the end of regular tourist visits. Approximately 150 litres of solution were introduced into the cave during one application. Spraying started at the cave entrance, continuing along the tourist train route till the end of the cave passage equipped with electric lighting (Mulec < Glazar 2011). In poorly ventilated sections of the cave, the chlorine odour remained a month after the application, probably in connection with the slow release of chlorine at a relatively constant rate. Sodium dichloroisocyanurate dehydrate is frequently used as a disinfectant, biocide, industrial deodorant and detergent (Huthmacher < Most 2000).
Disinfectants and Biocides
Published in Jeanne Moldenhauer, Disinfection and Decontamination, 2018
Some of the types of sporicidal agents, commonly found in the pharmaceutical and healthcare sectors are (23): Hypochlorous acid. This is a weak acid with the chemical formula HOCl. It forms when chlorine dissolves in water, and it is the HOCl moiety that actually does the disinfection. The chemical elicits its bactericidal activity by acting on a wide variety of biomolecules, including DNA, RNA, fatty acid groups, cholesterol, and proteins.Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC). NaDCC is a chemical compound widely used as a cleansing agent and disinfectant; this salt is an active ingredient in many bleaches.Chlorine dioxide is a chemical compound with the formula ClO2. As one of several oxides of chlorine, it is a potent and useful oxidizing agent.Hypochlorites. This is a compound of chlorine and oxygen, with a chemical formula ClO‒, which can combine with a number of counter ions such as Na+ (household bleach) and Ca+ (used for water treatment) ions, to form the corresponding hypochlorites.Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a colorless liquid that is the simplest peroxide (a compound with an oxygen-oxygen bond). It is used as a strong oxidizer, bleaching agent, and disinfectant.Peracetic acid (also referred to as peroxyacetic acid) is an organic compound with the formula CH3CO3H. It is a colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor similar to acetic acid (e.g., vinegar). Peracetic acid is often combined with acetic acid or hydrogen peroxide in solution to maintain the stability of the peracid.
Assessment of nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil of longitudinal direction affected by in-situ oxidation remediation
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Guo Liu, Bing Liao, Zhike Li, Yulu Ai, Hongxi Wang, Xuying Deng
The main chemical reagents included potassium persulphate (K2S2O8), n-hexane (C6H14), chromatographed silica gel (SiO2·nH2O); aluminium oxide (Al2O3); anhydrous sodium sulphate (Na2SO4), concentrated sulphuric acid (H2SO4, 98%); potassium bismuth tartrate (C8H18K2O15Sb2); Ammonium Molybdate ((NH4)2Mo4O13); concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl, 38%); ammonium fluoride (NH4F); potassium chloride (KCl); sodium dichloroisocyanurate (C3Cl2N3NaO3·H2O); phenol (C6H6O); sodium nitroprusside (Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]·2H2O), N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine hydrochloride (C12H14N2·2HCl); concentrated phosphoric acid (H3PO4). These reagents were purchased from Chengdu-Kelong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, China.
Diurnal patterns of micropollutants concentrations in domestic greywater
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2018
Yuval Alfiya, Yael Dubowski, Eran Friedler
In wastewater, organic MPs of interest are mostly hormones, pharmaceuticals and ones originating from personal care products (PCPs), and their conjugates (Belgiorno et al. 2007; Díaz-Cruz and Barceló 2009; Liu, Kanjo, and Mizutani 2009). Since most of the above compounds (except PCPs) are predominantly excreted in urine and faeces (Liu, Kanjo, and Mizutani 2009; Fatta-Kassinos et al. 2011), they are not expected to be present in significant amounts in GW. MPs originating from PCPs and household chemicals, on the other hand, are emitted to wastewater during bathing and cleaning, and thus GW is perceived as their major source. PCPs-derived MPs can be characterized by their function during their use phase: Preservatives (e.g. Methylparaben, propylparaben), Biocides (e.g. sodium dichloroisocyanurate, triclosan), UV filters (e.g. octocrylene, oxybenzone) and Polycyclic musks (e.g. galaxolide, tonalide).
Eco-friendly approach to the synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus spp. and Escherichia coli
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2018
Katarzyna A. Wolny-Koładka, Dagmara K. Malina
Due to their bactericidal properties, silver nanoparticles are also used in veterinary medicine. An interesting perspective is the use of nanoparticles in fighting against highly virulent and antimicrobial-resistant animal pathogens, i.e., Brucella spp., Mycobacterium bovis, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Anaplasma spp., Rhodococcus equi, etc.[12] Therefore, developing an environmentally friendly method of biological synthesis of AgNPs would increase the production and use of nanosilver in this area. Considering the fact that horse riding is developing intensively in Poland, much attention is paid to the improvement of the infrastructure and facilities available for people who practice this sport in a recreational way, but also for professionals. Maintaining cleanliness in stables translates directly into improving animal welfare, but is also important for the health safety of people working with horses. Increasingly often, preparations containing nanosilver are used in addition to traditional methods of disinfection of stable and box interiors using agents based on, e.g., sodium dichloroisocyanurate, potassium monopersulfate, aromatic oils, and organic acids. Nanosilver is also a component of ointments used in treatment of skin infections in horses and a component of shampoos, balms, and other cleaning products for these animals.[3,4] Nevertheless, it must be considered that the widespread and uncontrolled use of nanosilver may, over time, lead to the increase and spread of microbial resistance to this metal. Considering the ability of microorganisms to adapt to adverse environmental conditions, there is a risk that the excessive and unjustified use of nanosilver as a component of dressings, medicinal preparations, or disinfectants may contribute to the increased microbial resistance to AgNPs, as it is currently observed in the case of antibiotics.[4]