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Application of Nanoparticles for Quality and Safety Enhancement of Foods of Animal Origin
Published in Sunil K. Deshmukh, Mandira Kochar, Pawan Kaur, Pushplata Prasad Singh, Nanotechnology in Agriculture and Environmental Science, 2023
One of the major roles for nanotechnology-enabled devices will be the increased use of autonomous sensors linked into a GPS system for real-time monitoring. These nanosensors could be distributed throughout the field where they can monitor livestock growth. Ultimately, precision livestock farming, with the help of smart sensors, will allow enhanced productivity in animal husbandry by providing accurate information, thus helping farmers to make better decisions. Recently, some packaging materials incorporated with nanosensors to detect the oxidation process in food have been produced and used in the food industry. Working scheme is quite simple: when the oxidation occurs in the food package, NP-based sensors indicate the color change and information about the nature of the packed food is revealed. This technology has been successfully applied in package of milk and meat. Gold NPs functionalized with cyanuric acid groups selectively bind to melamine, an adulterant used to artificially inflate the measured protein content of pet foods and infant formulas (Ai et al., 2009). A promising photoactivated indicator ink for in-package oxygen detection based upon nanosized TiO2 or SnO2 particles and a redox-dye (methylene blue) has been developed (Mills, 2005). Nanosensors based on NPs have also been developed to detect the presence of moisture content inside a food packaging (Luechinger et al., 2007).
Flame Retardants: Analytical Aspect of Brominated Flame Retardants
Published in Narendra Kumar, Vertika Shukla, Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Environment, 2021
Devendra Kumar Patel, Sandeep Kumar, Neha Gupta
Nitrogenated flame retardants (NFRs) are a small but rapidly growing group. They are environmentally friendly (because they do not add any new material to products such as nylon and polyurethane), have low toxicity, are solid in nature, and burn without producing dioxin or halogen acids, as well as producing less (corrosive) smoke. The end product after burning can be used as fertilizer, because it contains essential elements like nitrogen and phosphorus. The efficiency of NFRs lies in between those of inorganic (mineral) FRs and halogenated FRs. The NFRs mainly consist of melamine and its derivatives and homologues. Melamine derivatives are salts of inorganic acids (e.g., boric acid) and organic acids (e.g., cyanuric acid, pyro- and polyphosphoric acids, phosphoric acid; Rakotomalala et al., 2010). There are various examples of NFRs’ use: melamine cyanurate in nylon, melamine and melamine phosphate or dicyanamide in intumescent paints, melamine phosphates in polyolefins, melamine in polyurethane flexible foam, guanidine phosphate in textiles, and guanidine sulfamate in wallpaper (Zhao et al., 2017; Wu et al., 2014). In comparison to metal oxides, NFRs are more environmentally friendly and efficient.
Flame Retardancy of Synthetic Fibers
Published in Asim Kumar Roy Choudhury, Flame Retardants for Textile Materials, 2020
To improve the flame retardancy of PA6 fibers, its composites with melamine cyanurate (MCA-PA6) were synthesized via in situ polymerization of α-caprolactam in the presence of adipic acid-melamine salt and cyanuric acid-hexane diamine salt. The flame retardant MCA/PA6 composite fibers were prepared by melt-spinning. Experimental results indicated that the MCA/PA6 composites loaded with 8 wt% of additives can achieve UL94 V-0 rating with an LOI value of 29.3%. The tenacity at break of PA6 fiber decreased from 4.85 to 3.11 cN⋅dtex–1 for MCA/PA6-8 composite fiber. However, the MCA/PA6 composites prevent propagation of flame in the fabric. This means that the in situ polymerization approach paves the way for the preparation of MCA/PA6 composites that have good spinnability and flame retardancy.
Effect of urinary pH upon the renal toxicity of melamine and cyanuric acid
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2021
Linda S. Von Tungeln, Cristina C. Jacob, Greg R. Olson, Gonçalo Gamboa da Costa, Frederick A. Beland
Combinations of melamine and cyanuric acid are considerably more toxic than either melamine or cyanuric acid.5,8,9 This may be because melamine has a much higher affinity for cyanuric acid, as compared to uric acid,17 and the aqueous solubility of melamine cyanurate is very low.28 Based upon the observation that the solubility of melamine cyanurate increases dramatically as the pH decreases below 5,17 we assessed the effect of urinary pH upon renal toxicity in female rats administered the combination of melamine and cyanuric acid. Chen et al. have also investigated the effect of urinary pH on the toxicity of mixtures of melamine and cyanuric acid.29 In their experiment, melamine and cyanuric acid were administered to rats in the presence or absence of sodium citrate. Rats co-treated with sodium citrate had decreased crystallization in their kidneys that was accompanied by a decrease in markers of kidney toxicity (serum BUN and creatinine) and histopathological evidence of kidney injury. Our experiment differs from theirs in that the urinary pH was adjusted after the deposition of melamine cyanurate crystals, a situation that may be more clinically relevant.
Gelation-based visual detection of analytes
Published in Soft Materials, 2019
Wangkhem Paikhomba Singh, Rajkumar Sunil Singh
A gelation-based visual detection method for melamine was reported by Yang and co-workers (68). Melamine is often used as an adulterant in milk because of its high nitrogen content, low cost, and ready availability. The authors designed a peptide-cyanuric acid conjugate (18) for detection of melamine. It is well established that cyanuric acid (CA) and melamine form a stable complex through three complementary H-bonding interactions. The authors tested 18 (Naphthyl-FFYGK-CA) for sensing of melamine. 18 formed a clear solution in phosphate buffer saline (PBS). In the presence of melamine (>35 ppm), the solution turned into a hydrogel within 10 min. Melamine-tainted samples of milk and urine also gave the same observation implying that proteins (in milk) and urea (in urine) did not interfere with the gelation process.