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Emissions Sources
Published in Winston Chow, Katherine K. Connor, Peter Mueller, Ronald Wyzga, Donald Porcella, Leonard Levin, Ramsay Chang, Managing Hazardous Air Pollutants, 2020
William P. Peel, Charles E. Schmidt
Initial PAH and dioxin measurements have been undertaken on a domestic open fire operated to BS 3841.12 NATO/CCMS 2,3,7,8 Tetrachloro dibenzo-/?-dioxin toxic equivalent factors of 0.03, 0.008, and 0.01 ng/Nm3 have been found for bituminous coal, anthracite, and a manufactured smokeless fuel, respectively. The most stringent legislation set in Europe is 0.1 ng/m3 TCDD TEQ for a new incineration plant. Only low concentrations of carcinogenic PAH have been detected.
Environmentally friendly production of smokeless fuel from high volatile coals
Published in Gülhan Özbayoğlu, Çetin Hoşten, M. Ümit Atalay, Cahit Hiçyılmaz, A. İhsan Arol, Mineral Processing on the Verge of the 21st Century, 2017
D. Kelter, C. Wirtgen, J. Heil
High-volatility coal (lignite to sub-bituminous coal) is available in many countries worldwide. These types of coal are efficiently used in power stations for generating electricity. However, their use in households and small-scale industries for heating is problematic for a number of reasons. Complete combustion of the large amount of volatiles requires a rather sophisticated stove design, which is expensive and usually not affordable in many regions. In the available simple stoves, only some of the volatiles are burned; the remaining ones are released into the atmosphere causing considerable environmental pollution and adversely affecting health, particularly in densely populated areas. An alternative to the complete combustion of the volatiles is to reduce the volatile content prior to burning, in other words, to produce a smokeless fuel.
The By-Product Industries (Oil From Coal)—The Various Processes—Other Uses for Coal
Published in J. P. Dickie, The Coal Problem, 2017
The other processes give oil only as a secondary product, their main output being smokeless fuel with coal-tar as a residual. The latter being highly suitable for hydrogenation, the progress made in the two processes has resulted in it being found that they are not opposed to each other (except in so far as the marketing of a relatively small proportion of low-temperature-produced petrol is concerned) as was the case originally, but really complementary to each other. Billingham is now using tar and creosote from these plants as well as from coke-ovens and gas-works.
Facile application of used engine oil in high sulfur coal briquetting to reduce the hazardous emission gases
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2023
Aqeel Ahmed Shah, Muhammad Azam Usto, Taufeeq Ahmed, Abul Sattar Jatoi, Zubair Hashmi, Zubair Ahmed Chandio, Siraj Ahmed Bughio, Arshad Iqbal, Sajid Hussain Siyal, Abdul Kareem Shah
Briquetting is the agglomeration of coal fine particles to make denser and higher calorific fuel per unit volume. However the emission of hazardous gases form its combustion is a serious environmental issue (Deng et al. 2021; Tumuluru and Wright 2010). Briquetting method also helps in maintaining ignitability while keeping volatile matter low (Oyelaran et al. 2018). Coal Briquetting process makes the coal as attractive, compact, stable and cheaper fuel (Stevenson and Perlack 1989). Even it is easy to make smokeless fuel from coal briquetting techniques, that is helpful in cooking, unlike the raw coal(Idris et al. 2021). Briquetting technology improves the material handling characteristics like transportation and storage (Oladeji 2015). Due to the low susceptibility of coal particles, it is needed to add the suitable binder to increase the binding capability of fuel particles and thermal stability of briquette (Plíštil et al. 2005). A good briquette binder should be an strong binder, pollution free, economically available and no effect on combustibility of coal(Denggao and Yizhou 2001). Mostly two types of binder are to be used in coal briquetting, organic and inorganic. The organic binders (starch, vegetable pulp) have good binding performance as well as the higher crush strength and drop test strength (Zhang et al. 2001; Zhou and Lai 2009). However the organic binders are not stable at higher temperature (Liang et al. 2021).
Production and Characterization of Charred Briquettes from Various Agricultural Waste
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2023
A.K. Sunnu, K. A. Adu-Poku, G.K. Ayetor
The afore-mentioned studies conducted in these areas focused on briquetting of raw agricultural wastes; however, little information exists on charred agricultural wastes to be used as briquettes. The application of charred briquettes are becoming popular in the field of renewable energy due to their ability to supply clean smokeless fuel with higher heating values compared to raw briquettes. Charring the biomass before briquetting is another process of obtaining a clean energy smokeless fuel and also, enhancing the physio-chemical properties of the briquette fuel (Pallavi et al. 2013; Tokmurzin et al. 2020). Ugwu and Agbo improved the desirable combustion characteristics of charred palm kernel shell briquette over sawdust and charcoal briquette although the briquettes did not ignite readily (Ugwu and Agbo 2011). However, they observed little smoke emission during the combustion of the briquette fuel. From the above literature, it can be established that through briquetting, enhancements in the mechanical and physicochemical properties of the briquette fuel are realized, which results in ease of handling, storage, and changes in the fuel and combustion characteristics, respectively (Mitan and SA’adon 2019). These properties are bases for assessing the quality and suitability of briquettes produced and are known to be affected by numerous factors such as biomass type, particle size, and compacting pressure. Particle size and compacting pressure are among the key parameters influencing the physical and mechanical properties of briquettes. Briquettes with different shapes have been discovered to have different packing statuses during the carbonization in terms of bed height and packing density (Ajimotokan et al. 2019; Zhuo, Xie, Shen 2021). Some scholars have mentioned that higher binder compaction pressure results in high-quality briquettes necessary for storage and transportation (Aransiola et al. 2019; Wilczyński et al. 2021). Therefore, this study seeks to investigate the effect of particle size and compacting pressure on the fuel properties of briquettes. Typical charred agricultural materials usually found in Africa such as palm kernel shell, corn cob, rice husk, and sawdust are the raw materials used for the briquette.