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Magnetizable Fluids
Published in Leslie R. Rudnick, Synthetics, Mineral Oils, and Bio-Based Lubricants, 2020
Tom Black, J. David Carlson, Daniel E. Barber
During the development and early commercialization of MR fluid devices, problems with the MR fluid were discovered that were not anticipated during the early research phase of these projects. Specifically, this was a phenomenon called “In-Use Thickening” (IUT) [35]. If an ordinary MR fluid is subjected to high stress and high shear rate over a long period of time, it is observed that the fluid will thicken. Superficially, this process appears similar to the process of churning cream to make butter. An originally low-viscosity, that is, low off-state, MR fluid progressively thickens until it eventually turns into a thick, non-flowing paste having a wax-like consistency similar to shoe polish. This problem or limitation only becomes apparent when MR fluids or devices are subjected to heavy, long-term use. In general, IUT manifests itself as a progressive increase in the off-state force due to an increase in the off-state viscosity of MR fluid subjected to long-term shear and stress.
Toxicological Chemistry of Chemical Substances
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
The simplest of the nitro compounds, nitromethane H3CNO2, is an oily liquid that causes anorexia, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, and damages the kidneys and liver. Nitrobenzene, a pale yellow, oily liquid with an odor of bitter almonds or shoe polish, can enter the body by all routes. It has a toxic action much like that of aniline, converting hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which cannot carry oxygen to body tissue. Nitrobenzene poisoning is manifested by cyanosis.
Toxicological Chemistry of Chemical Substances
Published in Stanley Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2017
The simplest of the nitro compounds, nitromethane H3CNO2, is an oily liquid that causes anorexia, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting, and damages the kidneys and liver. Nitrobenzene, a pale yellow, oily liquid with an odor of bitter almonds or shoe polish, can enter the body by all routes. It has a toxic action much like that of aniline, converting hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which cannot carry oxygen to body tissue. Nitrobenzene poisoning is manifested by cyanosis.
Ingestion of Sudan IV-adulterated palm oil impairs hepato-renal functions and induces the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines: A sub-acute murine model
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Ofem E. Eteng, Ceaser A. Moses, Emmanuel I. Ugwor, Joe E. Enobong, Adio J. Akamo, Yewande Adebekun, Arikpo Iwara, Eyong Ubana
The primary colorant used to adulterate PO, according to the surveys by [9,10] is Sudan IV dye (S4D). S4D (C24H2ON4O, also called Scarlet Red) is a lysochrome diazo dye used as a colorant in shoe polish, petrol, soaps, plastics, oil, printing inks, etc. It is also used to color foods because of its deep scarlet color and low cost [13]. Although illegal, S4D has continued to be found in PO at levels far greater than the EU detection limits of 0.6–1.2 µg/ml [10]. Following ingestion and absorption, S4D, like most other azo dyes, is metabolized by azoreductases and peroxidases, producing aromatic amines and semiquinone radicals, which can further decompose to generate superoxide (O2•-) and hydroxyl (•OH) radicals, leading to oxidative stress and subsequent cell or tissue damage [13,14]. Also, the reactive species may attack cellular and sub-cellular components, thereby impairing organ function [15]. Besides its potential tissue-damaging effects, oxidative stress (potentially induced via S4D metabolism) may provoke inflammatory responses via the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB signaling pathways, resulting in the downstream induction and activation of the several pro-inflammatory cytokines [15,16].
Sub-acute exposure to Sudan IV-adulterated palm oil induces oxidative stress and represses the expression of Nrf2 and antioxidant genes in male albino rats
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2021
Ofem E. Eteng, Ceaser A. Moses, Emmanuel I. Ugwor, Joe E. Enobong, Adio J. Akamo, Dorcas I. Akinloye, Irene O. Sadiku, Arikpo Iwara, Eyong Ubana
Sudan IV dye (S4D; C24H2ON4O) is an azo compound used as an industrial dye to color substances like petrol, plastics, oil, soaps, shoe polish, printing inks, and so on. It is a lipophilic diazo dye (lysochrome) used in laboratories as pH indicators and for staining lipids (fats and lipoproteins).3 Due to its intense red-orange color and low cost, S4D was used as a food coloring agent until safety concerns were identified. Although S4D has been ruled unsafe under the 1995 Colors in Food Regulations, due to its harmful effects and is considered an illegal food dye, it has continued to be incorporated surreptitiously in some food products, such as palm oil, chili powder, and egg products, as well as poultry meat around the world.3 A survey of palm oil and chili spices in Washington, DC, United States, revealed S4D as the primary azo-dye in palm oil, with concentrations reaching 24 µg/mL, which is higher than the EU detection limits of 0.6 − 1.2 µg/mL.4 A more recent study confirmed the adulteration of palm oil samples with S4D, previously reported by the Food and Drug Authorities of Ghana.5 The upsurge in the use of palm oil, particularly in homemade and ready-to-eat meals, and its bright reddish color makes it a prime target for adulteration with S4D; a practice that has continued to persist.5