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Heating and Cooling
Published in Stan Harbuck, Donna Harbuck, Residential Energy Auditing and Improvement, 2021
(Figure 9-80) can determine the actual window exposure year-round. While standards will vary by the climate region of the home, careful research can tell what the shading coefficient, the U-value, and the resulting total solar energy rejected will be for a window in your area. The shading coefficient describes how much solar energy will be transmitted through window openings when the film is installed compared to a clear single glass (the highest shading coefficient of 1.0). If a shading coefficient is 0.9, that would indicate that the film allows quite a bit of solar energy through. A more reflective glass would have a shading coefficient of around 0.2 to 0.45. The shading coefficient is always less than 1.0 but higher than the solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC).
Energy Efficient Design Strategies for Affordable Housing
Published in AbdulLateef Olanrewaju, Zalina Shari, Zhonghua Gou, Greening Affordable Housing, 2019
With respect to the seasonal and diurnal change of sun path, it is commonly agreed that single horizontal shading device (overhang) works best on the façade facing the south, protecting the window from high altitude sunlight during the middle of the day. Vertical side fins perform better on east and west facades. As east and west facades are exposed to the rising and setting sun at a much lower angle, which cannot be effectively blocked by overhangs. For east and west facades, side fins in combination with overhangs, or egg-crate, can provide optimum shading throughout the day. The optimal length of an overhang depends on the size of the glazing area, while the width of an overhang depends on the prevailing climate and the consequent energy demand. To deliver a proper design of shading device, it is important to analyze the position of the sun during both the cooling and heating season. Shading Coefficient (SC) is defined as the ratio of solar heat gain (direct sunlight) passing through a certain fenestration system (window, skylight, etc.), to the solar heat gain passing through 3 mm Clear Float Glass. It is an indicator of shading effect of the fenestration system compared to the baseline. Its value ranges from 0 to 1. Lower SC value represents less solar heat is transmitted through the fenestration system. The American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-conditioning Engineering (ASHRAE) standard counts SC as one of the factors that should be considered in the assessment of building heating and cooling load.
Applications
Published in W. P. Jones, Air Conditioning Applications and Design, 2012
Heat-reflecting glass will be effective if its total shading coefficient does not exceed 0.27. The shading coefficient is defined as the ratio of the total thermal transmittance through a particular type of glass and shade, to the total thermal transmittance through ordinary, clear, 4 mm glass. It is to be noted that ordinary, clear, 4 mm glass, with internal, white, reflective, Venetian blinds, drawn to exclude the direct rays of the sun, has a total shading coefficient of 0.53. This is acceptable and the reason is that the blinds transmit virtually none of the direct solar radiation which, being from a surface temperature of 6000°C at the sun, causes discomfort. The radiation from the drawn blinds is from a surface at a temperature of about 40°C, which is acceptable. On the other hand, the small amount of direct radiation transmitted through heat-reflecting glass does cause discomfort and hence its acceptable shading coefficient must not exceed the much lower figure of 0.27.
Literature review of building peak cooling load methods in the United States
Published in Science and Technology for the Built Environment, 2018
Chunliu Mao, Juan-Carlos Baltazar, Jeff S. Haberl
In the TETD/TA method, hourly averaged sol-air temperatures are used in the TETD calculation and thermal mass effects are calculated in TETD factors by applying the appropriate decrement factors and time lags published in the ASHRAE tables which define specific wall and roof group numbers for a total of 41 wall and 42 roof types from which to choose. The solar heat gains through fenestration are calculated using a shading coefficient (SC) and the published double-strength sheet glass (DSA) coefficients shown in the most recent updates for TETD/TA Method (ASHRAE 1997). The fenestration conduction heat gains can be obtained through steady-state calculation UAΔT. Any significant internal heat gains need to be considered individually. The peak cooling load is then finalized by applying the TA process. Unfortunately, this requires a subjective decision to determine the time period for averaging, which varies from one designer to the next. This is because judging the amount of thermal mass in a building is a difficult job, which ultimately made the method useful only in the hands of an experienced engineer. Typically, the recommended time period for the TETD/TA Method was 3 hours (ASHRAE 1997).