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Passive Sampling Strategies for Environmental Monitoring in Air and Aquatic Environment
Published in Leo M. L. Nollet, Dimitra A. Lambropoulou, Chromatographic Analysis of the Environment, 2017
Anna-Akrivi Thomatou, Ioannis Konstantinou
Huckins et al. (1990a) developed semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) to use them in accumulation of lipophilic substances. SPMDs are designed to sample chemicals dissolved in surface water, mimicking the bioconcentration of organic contaminants into the fatty tissues of organisms. The SPMD is an integrative sampler which accumulates organic pollutants over a deployment period ranging from days to months. SPMD (Figures 9.4 and 9.5) is a low-density polyethylene (LDPE) membrane, which formed a tube film and it is filled with a high-molecular weight lipid, such as triolein (Huckins et al., 1990a, 1993; Bennett et al., 1996). Triolein was selected for use in SPMDs because it can be found in most organisms, results in low LDPE membrane permeability, and supplies a suitable reservoir for performance reference compounds (PRCs). LDPE was chosen because of its constancy in organic solvents, the low permeation rates of triolein, and its resistance to wearing and drilling (Huckins et al., 1990b; Meadows et al., 1993; Bergqvist et al., 1998).
Assessment-Speciflc Field Study Designs and Methods
Published in Susan B. Norton, Susan M. Cormier, Glenn W. Suter, Ecological Causal Assessment, 2014
Robert B. Brua, Joseph M. Culp, Alexa C. Alexander
On-site passive sampling methods provide a time-weighted average concentration of a metal, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, pesticide, or pharmaceutical, as opposed to a single spot or single water sample. Samplers include semipermeable membrane devices (SPMD), polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS), or diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT). Passive samplers reduce the risk of nondetected chemical concentrations. Although they do not detect temporal variation in pollutant concentrations, they do not miss high exposure events entirely, because short-term peaks are averaged into the sampling interval (Allan et al., 2006; Alvarez, 2013).
Incorporating Oil / Water Partitioning in Risk Calculations for PAHs in Petroleum Impacted Soils and Sediments
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2022
Jaana Pietari, Kirk O’Reilly, Damian Shea, Roopa Kamath
Passive sampling devices (PSDs). PSDs have been employed to measure freely dissolved HOC concentrations (i.e., porewater in sediments or surface water) to assist in bioavailability and toxicity studies, in particular, from sediments (e.g. Gosh et al. 2014; Jonker and Koelmans 2000) and to some degree from soils (Hong and Luthy 2008). PSDs consist of polymer strips or fibers, such as polyoxymethylene (POM), polyethylene (PE), solid-phase microextraction (SPME), or polymer tubes filled with a lipid (semipermeable membrane devices [SPMDs]), which serve as moderate sorbing phases when introduced into the sample either in situ or ex situ in a laboratory setting (Gosh et al. 2014). Upon reaching equilibrium with the sample, PSDs are retrieved and extracted with solvent, and the resulting extracts are analyzed using conventional laboratory methods. Freely dissolved concentrations of HOCs are then calculated from the PSD concentrations using empirical PSD-water partitioning coefficients (Hawthorne et al. 2011; O’Neal 2014).
Advances in science and applications of air pollution monitoring: A case study on oil sands monitoring targeting ecosystem protection
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2019
J.R. Brook, S.G. Cober, M. Freemark, T. Harner, S.M. Li, J. Liggio, P. Makar, B. Pauli
Under the Amphibian and Wetland Health program, samples were collected from wetlands close to and more distant from OS industrial facilities to measure concentrations of the COCs in amphibian breeding habitat. Measurements were obtained in wood frog tadpoles, and, in addition, PAC concentrations were measured using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). These SPMDs were deployed at the same wetlands for 5–6 weeks close to the locations of wood frog egg masses. The PAC profiles found in the wood frog tadpoles and the SPMDs were dominated by C1–C4 alk-PACs, indicating petrogenic sources (Mundy et al. 2018). Although the total PACs in wood frog tadpole tissue did not differ significantly between wetland sites, SPMDs deployed within a 25 km radius of surface mining activity measured the highest concentrations of PACs, showing a significant exponential relationship between PAC accumulation and distance to OS mining activities (Figure 21), consistent with the snow deposition studies discussed above. The site closest to the OS upgrading facilities, which was along the north-south highway adjacent to SUN and SML, had SPMD PAC levels that were approximately 10-fold and 3-fold higher than the other wetland sites in 2013 and 2014, respectively (Mundy et al. 2018). In the wood frog tadpoles, total PACs were 25% higher at this closest location; however, there were no statistically significant differences among the locations for parent PAHs or the alk-PAHs overall. Mercury and MeHg and trace metals were also measured in wood frogs and their habitat; levels were generally low and did not reveal a spatial pattern in relation to distance to air pollution emission sources, although levels infrequently surpassed the CCME guideline levels for the protection of freshwater aquatic life (CCME, Canada 1999).