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Nanoparticle Synthesis and Administration Routes for Antiviral Uses
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
João Augusto Oshiro-Júnior, Kammila Martins Nicolau Costa, Isadora Frigieri, Bruna Galdorfini Chiari-Andréo
Two other widely used antivirals that act as HIV protease inhibitors are ritonavir and saquinavir. Both could be incorporated into self-emulsifying drug-delivery systems (SNEDDS) to promote several advantages to the drugs, such as reduction in the frequency of dosage and dose reduction, since the incorporation in the innovative system demonstrated an increase in its bioavailability and better stability (Lembo et al. 2018).
Probing the interaction of anti-HIV drug Darunavir with dsDNA and HSA using electrochemical and spectroscopic measurements
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
Priyanka R. Ipte, Sudipa Manna, Srikant Sahoo, Ashis Kumar Satpati
The protease inhibitor drugs that were administered earlier had the disadvantages associated with the severe side effects, and high manufacturing cost. To overcome the drawbacks, second generation protease inhibitors are being investigated and DRV is one of them.[3] During the final stage of the life cycle of the HIV virus, the Gag and Gag-Pol gene undergoes translation to form polyprotein. The protease is the enzyme which cleaves these polyproteins. On ceasing the post-translational modifications of polyproteins by enzyme protease inhibitor like DRV, the final processing of virion formation is inhibited, which in turn controls the spreading of the active virus to other cells. DRV is administered along with low dose of ritonavir, as a component of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for treating the HIV-1 infection. Compared to the earlier generation drugs, DRV has potency against multidrug-resistant strains.[4] DRV works through the inhibition of the dimerization process of HIV-1 protease and its catalytic activity by selectively inhibiting the cleavage of gag and gag-pol polyproteins, which are encoded in the HIV virus-infected cells, thus preventing the formation of mature infectious viral particles.[5] Application of low doses of ritonavir has the additional advantage as it retards the metabolism of DRV by cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) isoenzymes, due to which the plasma concentration of DRV is increased, thus improving the therapeutic effect of DRV.[6]