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Citric Acid, Lactic Acid, and Acetic Acid Production
Published in Debabrata Das, Soumya Pandit, Industrial Biotechnology, 2021
Glucose, fructose, mannitose, arabinose, and xylose are the monosaccharides that are reported in vinegars in several studies. Sucrose, maltose, and mycose are disaccharides that are involved in vinegars (Koyama et al., 2017). In fruit vinegars, fructose and glucose are present and provide their sweet taste. Sugarcane vinegar contains six alditols – arabitol, sorbitol, xylitol, erythritol, ribitol, and inositol and eight monosaccharides – fructose, ribose, xylose, rhamnose, galactopyranose, mannopyranose, arabinopyranose, and glucopyranose according to Li et al. In certain vinegars, polysaccharide macromolecules are present in relatively tiny quantities.
Thin-Layer Chromatography in the Study of Entomology
Published in Bernard Fried, Joseph Sherma, Practical Thin-Layer Chromatography, 2017
Sugar alcohols have been shown to play an important role in insect cold-hardiness by increasing the insect’s ability to supercool and avoid the lethal effects of freezing.38139 They also play a significant role in cryoprotection in freeze-tolerant insects.40 A number of different polyols have been found in the hemolymph of overwintering immature and adult insects, as well as in overwintering eggs. The polyols include glycerol, which is the most common sugar alcohol,38 sorbitol, mannitol, threitol, erythritol,39,42 and ribitol.43–44
Synthetic Polyphosphates Related to Nucleic and Teichoic Acids
Published in Stanislaw Penczek, H. R. Kricheldorf, A. Le Borgne, N. Spassky, T. Uryu, P. Klosinski, Models of Biopolymers by Ring-Opening Polymerization, 2018
Stanislaw Penczek, Pawel Klosinski
Michelson15,16 and Applegarth et al.17 used the polycondensation method for preparing glycerol teichoic acid, models of nucleic acids, and ribitol teichoic acid. This method is based on the phosphorylation of glycerol phosphate 10 or properly protected nucleosides or ribitol phosphates, using diphenyl chlorophosphate or tetraphenylpyrophosphate (Scheme 1).
Degradation of subµ-sized bioplastics by clinically important bacteria under sediment and seawater conditions: Impact on the bacteria responses
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
One of the important environmental issues regarding the interaction between microorganisms and plastics particles is biofilm formation.[26] Moreover, it is known that plastic degradation can support biofilm formation. Therefore, a series of tests were conducted to evaluate the biofilm formation of selected bacteria on PES and PCL subµ-sized bioplastics during degradation in marine-like conditions. The biofilm formations are shown in Figure 7. The biofilm is formed by the selected bacteria via the subµ-sized bioplastics. The formation of biofilm showed the concentration dependency of the subµ-sized bioplastics. Moreover, the PES subµ-sized bioplastics formed more biofilm than the PCL subµ-sized bioplastics in sediment. The results indicated that larger particle size supported the biofilm formation in sediment, which is in good agreement with Saygin and Baysal[26] and Joo and Aggarwal.[63] However, there was no significant biofilm formation with the bioplastics in seawater, and the bioplastic concentration dependency in the biofilm formation was not obtained in seawater, except for B. subtilis. The difference between sediment and seawater can explain by the chemical composition of environmental media, and sediment composition can contain more organics than seawater, thus this can support biofilm formation in sediment.[62] Additionally, there was a difference between bacteria types. For example, in gram-positive bacteria, S. aureus had more biofilm formation via PES-type bioplastics in sediment, as well as PCL-type bioplastics. This meant that more the glycerol and ribitol chains on the teichoic acid polymers in the S. aureus cell wall supported biofilm formation in sediment.[26] However, there was no difference between the tested gram-positive bacteria in seawater. On the other hand, in gram-negative bacteria, P. aeruginosa had more biofilm formation in sediment via both bioplastics compared to E. coli. This may be because of the cell wall properties of gram-negative bacteria.[26]E. coli have more disaccharide units on the cell wall than P. aeruginosa, which means that the thinner cell wall of the bacteria had an impact on biofilm formation in sediment. It is unlikely that P. aeruginosa had less biofilm formation in seawater via both bioplastics compared to E. coli. The results also indicated that environmental media has an impact on the behavior of biofilm formation.