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Microbial Control during Hydraulic Fracking Operations
Published in Kenneth Wunch, Marko Stipaničev, Max Frenzel, Microbial Bioinformatics in the Oil and Gas Industry, 2021
Renato De Paula, Irwan Yunus, Conor Pierce
Quaternary amine ammonium compounds, or QACs/quats, are the foremost example of lytic biocides used in hydraulic fracturing applications. Mechanistically, the cationic quaternary amine component of the QAC binds to the bacterial cell wall while alkyl/carbon-containing substituents upset the lipid bilayer, leading eventually to lysis of the cell. The most common QACs found in frac applications are didecyl dimethylammonium chloride (DDAC, See Table 6.2) and alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (ADBAC, Table 6.2). Synergistic antimicrobial effects have been observed when either of these two species is combined with an electrophilic biocide such as glutaraldehyde, increasing the efficiency of the chemical package and thus reducing the total amount of biocide necessary for effective bacterial control (Enzien et al., 2011).
Surface-altered poly(methyl methacrylate) resin for antifungal dentures
Published in Badal Jageshwar Prasad Dewangan, Maheshkumar Narsingrao Yenkie, Novel Applications in Polymers and Waste Management, 2018
Abhay Narayane, Akshay Mohan, Siddharth Meshram
The use of polymers has revolutionized the biomedical industry ever since their discovery. Since time immemorial, the replacement of missing teeth has been a medical and cosmetic necessity for humans. Many prostheses and implants made from polymers have been in use for the last three decades, and there is a continuous search for more biocompatible and stronger polymer prosthetic materials.5 Denture prosthetics has undergone many development stages since the first still preserved dentures were fabricated. The first sets of dentures were based on rubber and porcelain. With the emergence of polymer chemistry in the early 20th century, the foundation for the widespread use of removable dentures was laid. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) are widely used as disinfectants in both medical and food environments.6 Several authors have recently obtained encouraging results with antiseptic-coated devices using QACs which have proven efficient against microbial ecosystems, self-protected by a biofilm.7891011 Several difficulties exist in producing a satisfactory denture material or designing a technique that is useful for its application. Conditions in oral cavity seem almost suited to annihilation. Biting stresses on dentures can be extremely high, temperatures may fluctuate between 25 and 45°C, and pH may change instantaneously from acidic to alkaline. The warm and moist oral environment, which is also enzyme and bacteria rich, is conducive to further decay. The soft tissues and structures in contact with the denture polymers may be injured from the toxic leaching or breakdown of the material. Synthetic plastic resins and lightweight metal alloys have made teeth more durable and natural looking. Most artificial dentures are made from high quality acrylic resins, which make them stronger and more attractive than was once possible.12 Polymers such as polyamides, epoxy resin, polystyrene, vinyl acrylic, rubber graft copolymers, and polycarbonate have also been developed and tested as potential alternative denture-base materials. However, these have not generally proved successful.13, 14 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is the resin of choice for the fabrication of denture bases in clinical dentistry. It is inert, has color retention properties, and clearly defined polymerization process that is easy for modification. The surface properties of denture base materials are of paramount importance for maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the denture-covered oral mucosa. Control of denture plaque is facilitated if the denture surfaces, including the tissue surface, are well-polished as it will prevent the accumulation of debris.15 The tissue surfaces are usually left as they were when removed from the cast; thus, it presents irregularities and microscopic pores that facilitate bacterial and fungal colonization.
Quaternary ammonium salt-modified isabgol scaffold as an antibacterial dressing to improve wound healing
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Vasudha T. K., Anand Kumar Patel, Vignesh Muthuvijayan
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) are cationic molecules possessing potent antimicrobial properties [23–25]. They are of the general structure N+R1R2R3R4X-, where X is an anion and R is a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group. QACs have been useful in disinfectants, pharmaceuticals, hygiene and healthcare products for their antimicrobial action. Their antimicrobial property is mainly attributed to the electrostatic interaction between the positively charged quaternary nitrogen of QAC and negatively charged phospholipids in bacterial membranes. 2,3-epoxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride (EPTMAC) is a QAC that has been used in various applications including antibacterial textiles [26, 27], food packaging [28, 29], and biomedical applications [30, 31]. We have previously been successful in demonstrating the use of Isabgol in biomedical applications, especially for wound healing [21, 22]. In this study, we have chemically modified Isabgol polymer with EPTMAC to impart antimicrobial properties to the wound dressing material to prevent infection at the wound site and accelerate the wound healing process. We have studied the physicochemical properties of the material and performed biological evaluation of the biomaterial to assess its suitability for wound healing applications.
Proteomic analysis of whole-body responses in medaka (Oryzias latipes) exposed to benzalkonium chloride
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2020
Young Sang Kwon, Jae-Woong Jung, Yeong Jin Kim, Chang-Beom Park, Jong Cheol Shon, Jong-Hwan Kim, June-Woo Park, Sang Gon Kim, Jong-Su Seo
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), used as cationic surfactants, are powerful disinfectant chemicals that have been produced for many industrial, medical, and household applications over the past few decades. Among QACs, benzalkonium chloride (BAC) are a broad-spectrum class of biocides that have been used for several decades as disinfectants for many pharmaceutical and personal hygiene products,[1,2] are present at high concentrations in many aquatic ecosystems, and are highly toxic to aquatic animals.[3]
Aminoalcohol-based surfactants (N-(hydroxyalkyl)-N, N- dimethyl N-alkylammonium bromide): evaluation of antibacterial activity and molecular docking studies against dehydrosqualene synthase enzyme (CrtM)
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2021
Zakaria Hafidi, Lamia Yakkou, Fatima-Ezzahra Guouguaou, Souad Amghar, Mohammed El Achouri
This effect of the alkylated chain on the QAC activity is essentially due to the hydrophobic interactions between the lipids at the cell membranes of the bacteria, That remains a very important behavior in the QAC mode of action, in which the quaternary ammonium surfactants interact with the bacterial cell membrane and disrupt the integrity of the membrane, resulting in the death of bacteria.[15–22]