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Vitamins and Nutrition
Published in Richard J. Sundberg, The Chemical Century, 2017
The B6 vitamins are pyridoxine, an alcohol and the related aldehyde (pyridoxal) and amine (pyridoxamine). The compounds were isolated during the search for vitamin B1, but their identity as vitamins was established by Paul Gyorgi in 1938.d The compounds serve as coenzymes for several metabolic enzymes, particularly transaminases. Vitamin B6 is widely distributed in foods, including whole grain cereals, nuts, meats, fish, and vegetables. Overt vitamin B6 deficiency is rare but it can be induced by artificial diets low in B6 sources.
Fermentative Production of Vitamin B6
Published in Peter Grunwald, Pharmaceutical Biocatalysis, 2020
Jonathan Rosenberg, Björn Richts, Fabian M. Commichau
Vitamin B6 has been discovered almost one century ago and is an essential organic micronutrient for organisms from all kingdoms of life (György, 1956; Hellmann and Mooney, 2010; Kraemer et al., 2012; Eggersdorfer et al., 2012). Vitamin B6 collectively designates the water-soluble vitamers pyridoxal (PL), pyridoxine (PN), and pyridoxamine (PM), and their respective phosphate esters pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP), pyridoxine 5′-phosphate (PNP), and pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate (PMP) (Fig. 1.1A; Rosenberg, 2012; Rosenberg et al., 2017). PLP is the most important vitamer serving as a cofactor for a plethora of proteins and enzymes (Mehta et al., 1993; Jansonius, 1998; Mehta and Christen, 2000; Christen and Mehta, 2001; Eliot and Kirsch, 2004; Phillips, 2015). Estimations revealed that over 160 enzymes with distinct catalytic activities require vitamin B6 as a cofactor (about 4% of all described catalytic activities) (Percudani and Peracchi, 2009). Most of the PLP-dependent enzymes are involved in biosynthesis of amino acids, decarboxylation and racemization reactions, cleavage of Cα-Cβ bonds, α-, β- and γ-elimination or replacement reactions (John, 1995; Mehta and Christen, 2000; Christen and Mehta, 2001; Eliot and Kirsch, 2004). Moreover, PMP serves as a cofactor for enzymes of deoxysugar biosynthetic pathways (Burns et al., 1996; Romo and Liu, 2011). Furthermore, PLP modulates the activity of DNA-binding transcription factors in eukaryotes and prokaryotes (Oka et al., 2001; Huq et al., 2007; El Qaidi et al., 2013; Belitsky, 2004a; Belitsky, 2014; Tramonti et al., 2015, 2017 2018; Suvorova and Rodionov, 2016; Tramonti et al., 2017). The finding that about 1.5% of the genes of many free-living prokaryotes code for PLP-dependent proteins underlines the importance of the B6 vitamer for the function of proteins and catalytic enzymes (Percudani and Peracchi, 2003). There is also evidence that vitamin B6 is implicated in oxidative stress responses in plants (Bilski et al., 2000; Mooney and Hellmann, 2010; Moccand et al., 2014; Vanderschuren et al., 2013). Thus, vitamin B6 fulfils a variety of vital functions in different cellular processes (Fitzpatrick et al., 2007; Mooney et al., 2009; Vanderschuren et al., 2013; Parra et al., 2018).
Synthesis, characterization, DFT calculations and bromoperoxidase activity of binuclear oxidovanadium complexes containing vitamin B6
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2022
Juliana Morais Missina, Rubia Camila Ronqui Bottini, Gabriel Barros Baptistella, Francielli Sousa Santana, Danilo Stinghen, Eduardo Lemos de Sá, Giovana Gioppo Nunes
Pyridoxine is the most stable form of vitamin B6 [12], also found in its pre-active form as pyridoxal and pyridoxamine. In the digestive tract, pyridoxine is converted into its phosphorylated active form, pyridoxal 5′-phosphate, and functions as a coenzyme to nearly 60 enzymes, most of them involved in the metabolism of proteins and amino acids [13]. One of the final products synthesized with the aid of vitamin B6 is acetyl coenzyme A, important in energy production and synthesis of proteins, lipids, and acetylcholine [14]. Neither pyridoxine nor any other form of vitamin B6 is naturally produced by animals, meaning that their only source of the vitamin is through dietary intake [15].
Engineered production of pyridoxal 5′-phosphate in Escherichia coli BL21
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2022
Min He, Jian Ma, Qingwei Chen, Qili Zhang, Ping Yu
Vitamin B6 is a general name of a class of 2-methyl-3-hydroxyl-pyridine compounds, which exist in the form of phosphate in organisms. There are six convertible pyridine derivatives of vitamin B6, which contain pyridoxine (PN), pyridoxamine (PM), pyridoxal (PL), pyridoxine 5′-phosphate (PNP), pyridoxamine 5′-phosphate (PMP), and pyridoxal 5′-phosphate (PLP).[1]