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Turfgrass Diseases and Nematodes
Published in L.B. (Bert) McCarty, Golf Turf Management, 2018
Chemical controls. Most fungicides labeled for control are effective, especially when used preventatively. Contact fungicides provide 10- to 14-day preventative control while effective systemics provide 14- to 28-day control. Use higher rates only for curative control situations. Resistance has been problematic for the benzimidazole class of fungicides (including thiophanate methyl) and the sterol biosynthesis inhibitors (propiconazole, triadimefon, cyproconazole, myclobutanil) (Table 12.7). Once induced, resistance to these fungicides appears to be long lasting. Resistance has also developed in response to overuse of dicarboxamides, which include iprodione, or vinclozolin, but the pathogen populations become sensitive to these fungicides if they are not used for several years before being used once again. Isofetamid is a recent product with very promising preventative and curative dollar spot control.
Probabilistic risk assessment of endocrine disrupting pesticides in Iran
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2023
Vahideh Mahdavi, Ahmad Heidari, Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
More than 30% of the pesticides used worldwide in agricultural and non-agricultural processes are chiral (Hu et al. 2020). Due to the development of pesticide synthesis technology, the ratio of chiral pesticides increased (Liu et al. 2009). New research has shown that pyrethroids, triazoles, carbamates, organochlorines, and organophosphorus pesticides always affect hormones (Tian et al. 2015). In addition, many studies have shown that enantiomer pesticides can have different effects on environmental behavior, activity, and non-targeted organisms (Ye et al. 2010). Many studies have shown that enantiomer pesticides have permanent physicochemical properties under achiral conditions. However, significant selective stereo differences were found between enantiomer pesticides in their environmental behaviors, activities, acute/chronic toxicity, cytotoxicity, and potential toxicity of non-target organisms (Ye et al. 2010). However, limited studies have shown that chiral pesticides significantly disrupt stereoselective endocrine glands (Gámiz et al. 2016). The primary mechanism of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) disrupts hormone synthesis processes, secretion, metabolism, and receptor binding; It further affects the human reproductive system and growth. EDCs can interact with nuclear hormone receptors, thus having adverse effects on human health (Basheer 2018). The enantiomeric nature of pesticides enhances the selectivity and targeted action of endocrine-disrupting pesticides. From 34 EDPs in Iran, about 56% of them are enantiomers, including acephate, atrazine, bitertanol, captan, cypermethrin, cyproconazole, deltamethrin, epoxiconazole, fenvalerate, fipronil, flutriafol, hexaconazole, penconazole, permethrin, propiconazole, pyriproxyfen, tebuconazole, triadimenol and trichlorfon.