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Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
J. L. Bormann, A. S. F. Acipayam, H. I. Maibach
Although organophosphates can be used as chemical warfare agents against military personnel, similar agents may be used to the military's benefit in uniforms as protection against insect vector diseases. A widely used clothing insect repellant is permethrin. Snodgrass15 used permethrin-treated military uniform fabric and measured the absorption of the pesticide from fabric through rabbit skin. One hundred percent cotton or a 50/50 blend of cotton and nylon military uniform fabric swatch contaminated with permethrin was attached to the hairless back of a rabbit for 7 days. The percentage absorbed was measured by the amount of radiolabeled permethrin excreted in both urine and feces. The 100% cotton fabric contamination led to 0.9% percutaneous absorption under a temperate environment (no sweat), while a subtropical environment (sweat present) increased absorption to 3.2%. The 50/50 blend of cotton and nylon fabric contamination led to 1.7% percutaneous absorption in the temperate environment and 2.0% absorption in the subtropical environment. Authors suggest the absorption percentages may be higher in their study compared to those found when wearing a military uniform because uniforms are more loosely fitting than the apparatus applied to the rabbits in their study. The exposure dose to humans from wearing permethrin-treated (0.125 mg/cm2) military clothing is predicted to be 6 × 10−4 mg/kg/d. They did not find the environment or type of fabric to be statistically significant variables (Table 21.2).
Microbiological, West Nile Virus, and Lyme Disease
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 5, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Wear long-sleeve shirts, which should be tucked in, long pants, and hats to cover exposed skin. Apply permethrin-containing (e.g., Permanone) or other insect repellents to clothing, shoes, tents, mosquito nets, and other gear for greater protection. Permethrin is not labeled for use directly on skin. Most repellent is generally removed from clothing and gear by a single washing, but permethrin-treated clothing is effective for up to five washings. Of course, permethrin is toxic and should not be used either on skin or clothes.
Development of biodegradable and antimalarial textile structures
Published in Gianni Montagna, Cristina Carvalho, Textiles, Identity and Innovation: In Touch, 2020
C. Pinheiro, N. Belino, R. Paul
In recent years, several studies have been carried out on the incorporation of mosquito repellents in textiles and clothing intended for outdoor activities; however, these repellent textiles are based on synthetic repellents, such as permethrin, which is extremely polluting and highly harmful to human health.
Betel essential oil-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules as mosquito repellent spray formulations for fabric finishes
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2023
Azlan Kamari, Siti Najiah Mohd Yusoff, Siew Tin Susana Wong, Esther Phillip, Justin S. J. Hargreaves, Hidayatulfathi Othman
A number of studies have successfully treated textiles with synthetic repellents. Examples of synthetic insecticides or repellents used are N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET), permethrin, organophosphate and carbamate. According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), up to the present only permethrin has been registered for factory manufacture of insect repellent clothing and it is mainly used in the US for military uniforms (Xin & Wang, 2017). Although synthetic based repellents have exhibited excellent insect repellence, their use particularly at high concentration is of great concern due to the undesirable effects upon humans. For example, DEET can be toxic and cause allergic reaction to skin especially for children (Tavares et al., 2018). Moreover, the use of synthetic repellents is source of concern due to its harmful effects to environment and possible resistant by insects (Chattopadhyay et al., 2015; Ciera et al., 2019).
Dyeing of cotton fabric for improved mosquito repellency
Published in The Journal of The Textile Institute, 2018
Mangesh D. Teli, Pravin P. Chavan
Today’s stage of development of the textile industry is the one modernization and innovation. Every sector of textile is developing with the advancements taking place. Smart textiles or functional textiles are one such field and protective textiles are among such application of smart technology in textiles. Protective textiles as name suggests are those textile products which have a functionality offering protection from something such as fire, chemicals and insect bites. These can be by the mosquito repelling or may be insect repelling and also may be antibacterial and anti-fungal too. So nowadays, synthetic repellents like DEET, permethrin are commonly used as mosquito repellents. Natural repellents are also in great demand and specifically essential oils which are natural liquid products are obtained from plants by hydro- or steam distillation for such purposes. These essential oils are also used as natural aromas in food and toiletry, and due to medicinal properties, many of them are used in medicinal and aromatherapy treatment (Abd El-Kader & Aly, 2012; Teli & Chavan, 2015).
Stress, growth, cytokines and histopathological effects of permethrin in common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2022
Kenan Erdoğan, Gül Nihal Örün, Nuh Korkmaz, Belda Erkmen, Hüseyin Polat, Arzu Doğru, Mehmet İlker Doğru, İbrahim Örün
Permethrin [(3-phenoxyphenyl) methyl 3- (2,2-dichloroethylene) -2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate] is a synthetic pyrethroid pesticide with high insecticidal potential and low mammalian toxicity. Permethrin is one of the most common pyrethroids found in urban and agricultural basins [1]. Pesticides such as permethrin pass into natural aquatic environments from agricultural and industrial wastewater. They have adverse effects on non-target organisms such as fish in aquatic environments. Therefore, fish are a biomarker of environmental pollution because pesticides can cause many physiological and biochemical changes that affect the activities of various enzymes and metabolites [2].