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Applied Chemistry and Physics
Published in Robert A. Burke, Applied Chemistry and Physics, 2020
There may be more oxygen atoms than the base state or less atoms than the base state. When naming the compounds with an additional oxygen atom, the prefix “per” is used to indicate excess oxygen over the base state, but the ending is still “ate.” An example would be sodium persulfate. When potassium metal is combined with the oxy radical perchlorate, the resulting compound is potassium perchlorate. The level of oxygen is one above the base state. Potassium perchlorate is a fire risk in contact with organic materials, a strong oxidizer and a strong irritant. The more oxygen present, the greater the hazard for acceleration of combustion if a fire is present.
Components of Energetic Compositions
Published in John A. Conkling, Christopher J. Mocella, Chemistry of Pyrotechnics, 2019
John A. Conkling, Christopher J. Mocella
Potassium perchlorate is a white, non-hygroscopic crystalline material with a melting point of 610°C, considerably higher than the 356°C melting point of KClO3. It undergoes decomposition at high temperature:
Facile synthesis of CuO nanobricks for high combustion characteristics with nanoaluminum and catalytic thermal decomposition of lithium perchlorate
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2021
Vinay Kumar Patel, Ankur Gupta
In pyrotechnics, the alkali metal nitrates and perchlorates are most common oxidizers used. Among them, nitrates of sodium or potassium and potassium perchlorate are quite often used for flares and smoke ammunitions. The perchlorate is naturally occurring anion consisting one chlorine and four oxygen atoms bonded together along with alkali metals like sodium, and potassium. Among various alkali metal perchlorates, a little work had been done on Lithium perchlorate, yet Lithium is lightest alkali metal. The lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) is a white colored crystalline substance having density of 2.428 g/cc. The decomposition of anhydrous LiClO4 starts at 439 °C with a maximum at 470 °C [26]. In this article, we have studied the exothermic reactivity of nanoaluminum with surface CuO nanobricks and the catalytic activity of copper nanobricks were examined by decomposition of lithium perchlorate by adding 2 wt% of CuOnb.
Synthesis of ZnO and Cu-doped ZnO Nanocrystalline by Solution Combustion Method and Their Catalytic Effects on Thermal Behavior of KClO4
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2021
Xiaoli Kang, Chunhong Li, Zhou Zheng, Xudong Cui
Potassium perchlorate (KP) has long been an important component in a lot of energetic compositions, such as propellants and pyrotechnics (Berger, Charsley, Warrington 2010; Collins 1982; Rehwoldt et al. 2018). Thermal behavior of KP during heating is critical to ignition and combustion of KP-containing energetic compositions. Thermal decomposition of KP is a multistep process. Generally, KP first underwent a crystalline transition from rhombic to cubic lattice at ~300°C, followed by a slow solid decomposition and then melted and fast decomposed in the liquid state within the temperature range of 510–610°C. The fraction of solid-state decomposition of KP was very small relative to its liquid decomposition, so it is difficult to determine the initial decomposition temperature from the thermal analysis. The melting and liquid decomposition of KP often overlapped or occurred in very close temperature ranges and corresponding peak temperatures varied depending on detailed experimental conditions (Lee and Hsu 2001; Lee, Hsu, Jaw 2001; Shimada, Katsuda, Furuichi 1991; Simchen 1961). Previous investigations showed that metal oxides such as Cr2O3, CoO, Co3O4, MnO2, Cu2O, CuO, Fe2O3, and ZnO had catalytic effects (El-Awad, Said, El-Salaam 1988; Furuichi, Ishii, Kobayashi 1974; Patel 2013; Patel, Sundriyal, Bhattacharya 2017; Rudloff and Freeman 1969; Said, Hassan, El-Salaam 1983; Zhang et al. 1996) on thermal decomposition of KP. These catalysts could decrease the melting and decomposition temperature of KP to different degrees.