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Chemistry of Contaminants
Published in Daniel T. Rogers, Environmental Compliance Handbook, 2023
Perchlorates are very reactive and are commonly used in explosives, fireworks, road flares, and rocket motors (USEPA 2021t; ATSDR 2008e). Perchlorate may also be present in bleach as an impurity. Adverse health effects of exposure to perchlorates include the ability of the thyroid gland to uptake iodine. Iodine is needed to produce hormones that regulate many body functions. USEPA does not currently list any of the perchlorate compounds as human carcinogens (USEPA 2021c).
The Science of Air Pollution
Published in Daniel T. Rogers, Environmental Compliance Handbook, 2023
Perchlorates are very reactive and are commonly used in explosives, fireworks, road flares, and rocket motors (USEPA 2021t; ATSDR 2008e). Perchlorate may also be present in bleach as an impurity. Adverse health effects of exposure to perchlorates include the ability of the thyroid gland to uptake iodine. Iodine is needed to produce hormones that regulate many body functions. USEPA does not currently list any of the perchlorate compounds as human carcinogens (USEPA 2021c).
Urban water quality and chemical pollution
Published in Thomas Bolognesi, Francisco Silva Pinto, Megan Farrelly, Routledge Handbook of Urban Water Governance, 2023
Serge Stoll, Stéphan Ramseier Gentile
Despite the fact that their incorporation in a wide variety of consumer products is questionable, they create new opportunities in the field of air purification and in the field of water treatment and remediation via the use of nanosized adsorbents, photocatalysts, and nanomembranes (Mehrnoosh, 2020). In particular, nanomaterial adsorbents exhibit an extremely large reactive surface area at low concentrations and remove pollutants more efficiently when comparison is made with activated carbon. Moreover, in some cases, the adsorption process can be complemented by degradation processes, such as reductive degradation and photocatalysis that allow the decomposition of organic pollutants into nontoxic metabolites. For example (Xie, 2016; Cao, 2005), chitosan-stabilized nano Zero-valent iron was used to degrade perchlorate (ClO4-), which can impede the endocrine function by blocking iodide from entering the thyroid gland, in water into a less detrimental compound, chlorine (Cl-). Perchlorate has emerged as a widespread contaminant in groundwater and surface water because of its unique properties (water solubility, non-complexing, non-volatile, and chemical stability), it is highly challenging to remove perchlorate from water by traditional water treatment approaches.
Chlorine and ozone disinfection and disinfection byproducts in postharvest food processing facilities: A review
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Adam M.-A. Simpson, William A. Mitch
Starting in the early 1900s, chlorinating potable water supplies dramatically reduced the incidence of waterborne diseases, such as cholera, listeria, and typhoid (Li & Mitch, 2018). However, in the 1970s, analytical chemists discovered trihalomethanes (THMs) at concentrations of up to 160 µg/L as byproducts of chlorine reactions with natural organic matter (NOM) in drinking water (Li & Mitch, 2018; Rook, 1974). Shortly thereafter, toxicologists and epidemiologists discovered an association between water chlorination and bladder cancer occurrence, with halogenated byproducts suspected to drive the risk (Li & Mitch, 2018). The US EPA has regulatory limits on only 11 DBPs in drinking water: ≤ 80 µg/L for the sum of 4 trihalomethanes (THMs; chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform), ≤60 µg/L for the sum of 5 haloacetic acids (HAAs; chloroacetic acid, bromoacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, dibromoacetic acid, and trichloroacetic acid), ≤ 1 mg/L chlorite and ≤ 10 µg/L bromate (USEPA, 2020). California has a 0.8 mg/L Notification Level for chlorate, (California Water Boards, 2020) and a 6 µg/L Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) for perchlorate in drinking water (California Water Boards, 2007). Much of the research related to DBPs associated with chlorine sanitization of food in postharvest washing facilities has focused on the same small molecule DBPs that have been the focus of drinking water research.
Copper(II) catalyses the reduction of perchlorate by both formaldehyde and by dihydrogen in aqueous solutions
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2018
Dror Shamir, Dan Meyerstein, Israel Zilbermann, Ariela Burg, Yael Albo, Alexander I. Shames, Radion Vainer, Eitan J.C. Borojovich, Guy Yardeni, Haya Kornweitz, Eric Maimon
Perchlorate is currently used as fuel in missiles, explosives, fireworks, and pyrotechnics and its leakage into aquatic media is of environmental concern [1–5]. Most perchlorates are highly soluble in water and stable under normal atmospheric conditions. Perchlorate has been found in groundwater and in surface waters [6, 7]. The main environmental problem is due to the behavior of perchlorate as a source of biological harm, e.g. known adverse effect of perchlorate exposure on humans is hypothyroidism, the intake of perchlorate by the thyroid thus inhibiting the production of the thyroid hormone and blocks the sodium iodide symporter [8, 9]. The standard reduction potentials for the half-reactions (equations (a) and (b)) clearly indicate that reductions to chloride or chlorate are very favorable processes from a thermodynamic standpoint; the observed behavior of perchlorate is dominated largely by its kinetics, therefore, the perchlorate ion is kinetically inert to reduction and the rates of these processes are inhibited, in fact, concentrated perchloric acid is stable for many years. [10] [10]
Efficiency of magnetic chitosan supported on graphene for removal of perchlorate ions from wastewater
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Shehdeh Jodeh, Mahmoud Shawahny, Ghadir Hanbali, Diana Jodeh, Omar Dagdag
To determine the perchlorate concentration, ion chromatography (compact IC, Metrohm) was used. The instrument of IC system consists of a 250 µl sample loop, a group of 4 × 250 mm chromatogram (Metroep A sup 7), a 4 mm suppressor, guard columns, an auto-sampler and electrical conductivity detector.