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Components of Energetic Compositions
Published in John A. Conkling, Christopher J. Mocella, Chemistry of Pyrotechnics, 2019
John A. Conkling, Christopher J. Mocella
Ammonium perchlorate is the primary oxidizer used for solid rocket propellant formulations, in large part because of its gas-generating capabilities. Ammonium perchlorate has been shown to be capable of catalytic decomposition, with metal oxides, such as iron(III) oxide, the most commonly used materials. A low percentage of catalyst added to a propellant formulation can produce a significant increase in propellant burn rate.
Significance and Administration of Nanotechnology in the Armed Forces and Defense Sector
Published in Cherry Bhargava, Amit Sachdeva, Pardeep Kumar Sharma, Smart Nanotechnology with Applications, 2020
Ali Asgher Ali Hasan, Roshan Rajesh Bhatkar, Sarath Raj Nadarajan Assari Syamala
In this subsection, we will briefly deliberate about the deployment of certain metallic nanoparticles as additives that act as a catalyst during the decomposition reaction of ammonium perchlorate during combustion that can provide us with high propulsive capability and reliability, which is required in the rocket manufacturing industry [10]. Ammonium perchlorate is seen within the aerospace industry as a potent oxidizer of fuels in solid propellant based rocket motors. Ammonium Perchlorate starts to decompose at temperatures above 150 degrees Celsius. There are certain benefits of ammonium perchlorate in using it as an oxidizer of fuel in the solid propellant based rocket motors. (i) It ensures sufficient supply of oxygen during the fuel combustion process; (ii) It may also be deployed as a potent filler in the binder matrix in manufacturing composite rocket propellants to ensure structural coherence and sturdiness of the propellant compound and; (iii) Checks the burning rate of the propellant during the rocket’s operation and avoids the release of a sudden burst of energy that can lead to a mid-air detonation. As stated earlier, the combustion process of ammonium perchlorate begins above temperatures of 150 degrees Celsius. The decomposition of ammonium perchlorate itself happens in stages. Many structural and chemical changes occur during the stages, (i) Reaching temperatures equal to 250 degrees Celsius, ammonium perchlorate crystal undergoes a transition from an orthorhombic crystalline structure to a cubic crystalline structure. This change of the crystalline structural geometry requires the compound to absorb energy from its ambient surroundings, hence the reaction is an endothermic reaction; (ii) further increment in temperatures to 350 degrees Celsius, it is observed to show a low rate of decomposition with minimal release of useful energy. Furthermore, at this stage almost 30% of the compound is said to be either decomposed or sublimed; (iii) Above or equal to temperatures of 450 degrees Celsius, the compound under examination is shown to release high amounts of energy during its decomposition. Hence, this stage is the absolute exothermic reaction during the chemical and thermodynamic decomposition of ammonium perchlorate.
Adaptive neuro-fuzzy approach to sodium chlorate cell modeling to predict cell pH for energy-efficient chlorate production
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2021
Sreepriya Sreekumar, Aparna Kallingal, Vinila Mundakkal Lakshmanan
Sodium chlorate production is one of the biggest energy-intensive industrial-scale electrochemical processes. The global production rate of sodium chlorate is 3.6 million tons annually. The paper industry consumes a major part of the sodium chlorate produced; it is used to manufacture chlorine dioxide that serves as a bleaching agent. It is also used to produce ammonium perchlorate, which is used as an oxidizer in rockets. Chlorates are also used for agricultural applications as defoliant and herbicide, also as chemical oxygen generators in aircraft and submarines, and as an oxidizer for uranium milling (Vogt 1981; Viswanathan 1984; Hedenstedt 2017). A major issue in sodium chlorate production is high-power consumption. Approximately 5000–6000 kWh energy is required to produce a ton of sodium chlorate crystal (Karlsson and Cornell 2016). It was estimated that the power consumption accounts for over 70% of the production costs. Hence, the effectiveness of the process must be improved, which will be beneficial from the economic and environmental points of view.
A new oxygen-rich and poly-nitrogen energetic complex: synthesis, properties of high energy materials and catalytic decomposition of ammonium perchlorate
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2021
Bing Li, Huan Song, Huanping Wu, Jiakai Wang, Xiaoyan Tian, Xiaoxia Ma
Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is one of the common oxidizers, widely used as the main component of solid rocket propellant [20, 21]. The thermal decomposition characteristics of AP directly influence the combustion behavior of solid propellants [22]. Many effective combustion catalysts for thermal decomposition of AP such as metal oxides [23], energetic compounds [24], and complexes [25–27] have been reported. While EMs as catalysts provide relatively high heat, they also have an absorbing structure, greater heat of formation, and fresh metal or metal oxide at the molecular level on the propellant surface, which may improve combustion performance when the compounds are used as additives to the propellant [28].
Determination of Thermodynamic Characteristics of Phase-stabilized Ammonium Nitrate-Based High-energy Solid Combustible Materials
Published in Combustion Science and Technology, 2022
S. Kh. Aknazarov, A. B. Seisenova, O. Yu. Golovchenko, N. Yu. Golovchenko, J. M. Gonzalez-Leal
The aim of the present work is to report the thermodynamic calculations of phase-stabilized ammonium-nitrate-based HEMs and its use as an oxidizing agent. The traditionally used ammonium perchlorate oxidizing agent forms a number of toxic chlorine compounds during combustion. Full or partial replacement of ammonium perchlorate with an oxidizing agent based on ammonium nitrate is a promising approach in the field of creating economical and environmentally friendly HEMs. The use of phase-stabilized ammonium nitrate reduces the coefficient of temperature sensitivity of fuel compositions and concurrently improves their rheological characteristics.