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General Safety Practices
Published in James P. Lodge, Methods of Air Sampling and Analysis, 2017
Perchloric acid is a very useful reagent for digestions, but its hazards must be understood and precautions followed exactly if explosions are to be avoided. Most explosions are probably attributable to formation of anhydrous perchloric acid or organic Perchlorates. Ethyl alcohol, glycerol, cellulose, sugars, carbohydrates and pyridine form explosive compounds (10,12,15). Precautions for the use of perchloric acid are beyond the scope of this chapter; special storage, hoods and handling procedures are required. In spite of the hazards, perchloric acid is being used without incident in many laboratories and has been accepted for use in recommended standard procedures (1,4). Safe use of this material demands an understanding of the hazards and exact compliance with operating instructions.
Combustion of Solid Fuels and Surface Reactions
Published in Achintya Mukhopadhyay, Swarnendu Sen, Fundamentals of Combustion Engineering, 2019
Achintya Mukhopadhyay, Swarnendu Sen
Perchloric acid is an explosive if comes in contact with oxygen. It is highly unstable and decomposes to: () HClO4→ClO3+OH () ClO3→ClO+O2
Applied Chemistry and Physics
Published in Robert A. Burke, Applied Chemistry and Physics, 2020
Perchloric acid, HClO4, is a colorless, odorless, fuming liquid that is unstable in its concentrated form. It is a strong oxidizing agent and spontaneously ignites when in contact with organic materials. Contact with water produces heat; when shocked or heated, it may detonate. Perchloric acid is toxic by ingestion and inhalation. It is used in the manufacture of explosives and esters, in electropolishing, as a catalyst and in analytical chemistry.
Improved borate fusion technique for determination of rare earth elements in electronic waste components
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Martin Makombe, Charlton van der Horst, Vernon Somerset
All chemicals were of analytical grade. Water was purified using an ion-exchange deionisation process and its conductivity was tested for purity before use. The water was used for dilution and preparation of all standards and solutions. Nitric acid (65%), hydrochloric acid (32%), perchloric acid (60%) and hydrofluoric acid are all supplied by Merck (South Africa). Multi-element rare earth and ‘Geo’ elements standard solution SM60A, 100 µg g-1, were supplied by VHG Labs (Manchester, U.S.A.), and used for the preparation of analytical standards (0.001–5 µg g-1 for ICP-OES in 10% v/v of 65% HNO3). A control analytical standard of 2 µg g-1 was prepared from pure reference solutions of 1000 µg g-1 individual REE standards (De Bruyne Standards, South Africa). Standard reference material – a rare earth ore NCS DC86312 from China National Analysis Centre (CNAC), the ideal available reference material in terms of composition and quality was used. High purity lithium metaborate flux LiBO3, lithium tetraborate (Li2B4O7), lithium Iodide (LiI) and Lithium Bromide (LiBr) were all provided by Claisse (Claisse, Québec, QC G1P 4P3, Canada). High purity NaCO3, NaNO3, and KNO3 all crystals were all supplied by Merck (South Africa). Food grade citric acid (Buffalo Chemicals) was used for cleaning platinum ware.
Accumulation and distribution of heavy metals in soil and food crops in the Pb–Zn mine environ. Case study: Region of Probištip, North Macedonia
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2023
Trajče Stafilov, Katerina Stojanova, Krste Таšev, Katerina Bačeva Andonovska
The digestion reagents and standards used in the selected methods have an analytical purity grade. A multi-element solution containing 23 elements at a concentration of 1000 mg/l from Merck was used for calibration. The soil samples are dissolved with: nitric acid (65%) p.a., hydrochloric acid p.a. (37%), hydrofluoric acid p.a. (40%), and perchloric acid p.a. (65%). A combined solution of diethylenetetraaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), triethanolamine (TEA), and calcium chloride (CaCl2) was used for soil extraction. Nitric acid (65%) and hydrogen peroxide (33%) were used in the method of decomposition of vegetable samples and cereals. In the preparation of all these solutions, redistilled water (trace pure) was used, to rinse and make up the total volume for each sample.
Extraction of lanthanides(III) from Perchlorate Solutions with Carbamoyl- and Phosphorylmethoxymethylphosphine Oxides and Tetrabutyldiglycolamide
Published in Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange, 2019
A. N. Turanov, V. K. Karandashev, A. V. Kharlamov, N. A. Bondarenko, V. A. Khvostikov
Chemical-grade 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE), purchased from the Vecton company (St. Petersburg, Russia), was used as a diluent. Chemical-grade perchloric acid and sodium perchlorate monohydrate were purchased from Reachim, Russia. Deionized water from a NANOPURE purification system (Thermo Scientific, USA) of 18 MΩ cm−1 resistivity was used for the preparation of all aqueous solutions. Stock aqueous solutions of lanthanides(III) and Y(III) were prepared from the chemical grade perchlorate salts (Reachim, Russia) in deionized water and standardized by complexometric titration with EDTA using xylenol orange as an indicator. The initial concentration of metal ions was 2 × 10–6 M for each element. All lanthanides(III) (except Pm) were present in the initial aqueous phase when simultaneous extraction of Ln(III) was studied. The organic phase was prepared by dissolving precisely weighed quantities of the extractants in DCE.