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Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors
Published in Soney C George, Sam John, Sreelakshmi Rajeevan, Polymer Nanocomposites in Supercapacitors, 2023
Sona Narayanan, Ayswarya Ettuvettil Pankajakshan, Vidya Thattarkudy Padmanabhan, Anisha Joseph
Polymerized thiophenes in the firm of sulfur heterocyclic are called polythiophenes (PTs) [179]. Since Polythiophene polymers have high environmental stability, good thermal stability, and less bandgap energy, they possess a significant place in research and industrial areas. As a result, polythiophene polymers are widely used in electrochromic devices, polymer batteries, and solar cells. They are more important among conducting polymers as they possess easy polymerization and have stability in the air [180]. Compared to other conducting materials, polythiophenes and their nanocomposites are becoming more important and useful in the industries so they are widely used in different applications including display devices, light-emitting diodes, chemical/optical sensors, photovoltaic cells, rechargeable batteries, transistors, EMI shielding, supercapacitors, etc. [181–182]. Also, polythiophene nanocomposites exhibit excellent electro-chromic, electrical, and electronic properties along with high thermal and environmental stabilities, which makes them unique and attractive materials. The structure of polythiophene is given in Figure 2.12.
Advanced Conducting Polymers for Electrochemical Applications
Published in Mu Naushad, Saravanan Rajendran, Abdullah M. Al-Enizi, New Technologies for Electrochemical Applications, 2020
R. Suresh, R. V. Mangalaraja, Paola Santander, Jorge Yáñez
In the early 1980s, polythiophene (PT) (Jaymand et al. 2015) was first synthesized via oxidative polymerization of thiophene monomer. Nowadays, PT (Figure 14.2) and its derivatives are the most attractive conducting polymer nanomaterials in electrochemical devices. Like PANI, unsubstituted PT is also insoluble in many solvents, which made it poor in processability. This restriction can be invoked by functionalization in the side chain of PT. The numerous derivatives of thiophene have been synthesized by chemical and electrochemical methods, resulting in good processability.
Polymer-based wires
Published in David Crawley, Konstantin Nikolić, Michael Forshaw, 3D Nanoelectronic Computer Architecture and Implementation, 2020
Polythiophene and its derivatives represent a second example of a polymer family which has been widely studied. This new class of monomers appeared later in the 1970s to provide several critical characteristics of polymers such as chemical and electrochemical stability in air and moisture in both doped and undoped states, a high reversible doping level and a highly regular polymeric backbone [7]. By chemical or electrochemical doping (oxidation or reduction of the polymer), the electrical conductivity films of polythiophene-based polymers can be varied over 12 orders of magnitude, ranging from an insulator (~10−10 Ω−1 cm−1), through a semiconductor, to a metal (~102 Ω−1 cm−1).
Catalytic/photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization activities of heteropolyacid immobilized on magnetic polythiophene nanocatalyst
Published in Journal of Sulfur Chemistry, 2021
Ruaa Fadhil Shafi, Saad H. Ammar, Musaab K. Rashed
Loading of HPAs onto porous materials including Al2O3 and SiO2 is an effective method to immobilize HPAs species [10,13]. However, the main drawbacks of HPAs dispersion onto these materials are the weak surface physisorption of HPAs species, leading to easy leak out from the composite. Chemical fixation of HPAs species by electrostatic connections with conductive polymers was used as an operative route [14]. Furthermore, the charge capability of conducting polymers can be improved by HPAs dopant anions and oxidative agents [15]. Among different conducting polymers, polythiophene (PT) is widely studied for different optical and electrochemical uses due to its excellent stability, simple productivity, optical transparency, and good adaptable electric conductivity [14,16].
Electrochemical determination of hydrogen peroxide using a novel prussian blue–polythiophene–graphene oxide membrane-modified glassy carbon electrode
Published in Instrumentation Science & Technology, 2018
Fang Liu, Baihong An, Jingwei Zhang, Shuyan Niu, Jun Wan
Recently, conjugated conductive polymers have captured tremendous attention due to the more delocalized π-electrons, with π-conjugated structures in the molecular chain, and high charge mobility, excellent environmental stability, and favorable electrochemical properties. Polythiophene, a typical conjugated polymer, has been used in many fields, such as electric conductors, transistors, electrochromic smart windows, light-blocking materials, sensors, batteries, electronic–magnetic, shielding, and solar cells.[151617]
Molecular junction of n-thiophenes sandwiched between two Au (111) electrodes
Published in Molecular Physics, 2019
Tayebeh Movlarooy, Farshid Enayati, Raheleh Pilevarshahri
Molecular electronic devices are known as a possible solution to solve silicon-based technology problems that prevent the final mitigation [1,2]. Recently, various types of molecular devices have been theoretically and experimentally investigated [3,4]. Molecular junctions are a key element in the nanoelectronic, especially in a single-molecule circuit, in which the junctions are responsible for the electronic communication between the various functional elements. The most important criteria for an optimal molecular junction are the high chemical stability, efficient charge transport and high flexibility for compatibility with different contact geometries. In this regard, it is of utmost importance to study and understand the transport of the charge through an integrated molecular chain and its relation to its specific chemical structure and electronic properties, in order to optimise its conductivity. Recently, extensive research is underway on the use of organic molecules as electronic components. Known organic compounds have a variety of buildings, and many of these buildings have a ring system. If the ring system consists of atoms of carbon and at least another element, then this composition is classified as heterocyclic. Heterocycles are an important category of organic compounds and have a wide range of applications. Thiophene analogs include eruptions and peers, in which the S atom is replaced by NH and O. Thiophene with C4H4S formula was discovered by Victor Meyer in 1883 as a residual component in benzene [5]. Thiophenes are important heterocyclic compounds in organic chemistry. Among electro-conductive polymers, polythiophene and their derivatives are of great importance due to their good optical, electrochemical and magnetic properties. One of the most important applications of these types of polymers is the use of solar cells [6], organic light emitting diodes [7], spintronics, sensors and other electronic devices [8–10]. Various applications, as well as the very low cost of this group of conductive polymers, are one of the reasons to pay particular attention to these materials. Also, the preparation of these polymers in nanoscale dimensions is easier than the preparation of metal particles in this dimension. One of the important characteristics of this group of polymers is their interesting electronic and optoelectronic properties. The aim of this research is to investigate the electronic and transport properties of the molecular junction of oligothiophenes with Au (111) electrodes. The main features of the electrical conductivity of the Au/n-thiophene/Au system are studied using density functional theory (DFT) approach. In these molecular systems, the oligothiophenes with different lengths (3-, 5-, 7-thiophenes) used as a molecular bridge between two gold electrodes.