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Application of Polymer Drugs to Medical Devices and Preparative Medicine
Published in Severian Dumitriu, Valentin Popa, Polymeric Biomaterials, 2020
M.R. Aguilar, L. García-Fernández, M.L. López-Donaire, F. Parra, L. Rojo, G. Rodríguez, M.M. Fernández, J. San Román
Despite recent efforts devoted to obtain novel polymer–drug conjugates, at present only three polymers are being tested in clinical phase: PEG, HPMA, and poly(glutamic acid) (PGA).
Optimization of fermentation conditions, purification and rheological properties of poly (γ-glutamic acid) produced by Bacillus subtilis 1006-3
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2022
Ruoshi Zhang, Shihao Zhang, Guangyang Jiang, Longzhan Gan, Zhe Xu, Yongqiang Tian
Poly glutamic acid (PGA) is a biodegradable and nontoxic anionic homo-polyamide, which is composed of d- and l-glutamic acid units bonded by amide linkages.[1] There are two carboxyl groups on each glutamate molecule, corresponding to the two isomers of their homopolymer, which are named as poly-α-glutamic acid (α-PGA) and poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA). α-PGA is synthesized chemically by nucleophile-initiated polymerization of the γ-protected N-carboxyanhydride of l-glutamic acid.[2] On the other hand, γ-PGA has been produced extensively using bacteria, especially the Bacillus species,[3] such as Bacillus subtilis,[4]Bacillus licheniformis,[5]Bacillus anthracis,[6]Bacillus thuringiensis,[7]Bacillus methylotrophicus,[8]Bacillus megaterium,[9]Bacillus amyloliquefaciens,[10] etc.
Treatment and high value utilization of glutamic acid wastewater
Published in Preparative Biochemistry & Biotechnology, 2022
Fupeng Yu, Chen Zhao, Le Su, Song Zhang, Xin Sun, Kunlun Li, Qiulin Yue, Lin Zhao
γ-polyglutamic acid (γ-PGA) is an unusual anionic homopolyamide made from d-and l-glutamic acid units connected through amide linkages between α-amino and γ-carboxylic acid groupse. It has been widely used in the field of medicine, agriculture and industry due to its unique properties that render it biodegradable, edible, and nontoxic. Agricultural grade polyglutamic acid has been widely used in many European countries.[6]