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Methodologies and Advanced Characterizations of Photoelectrochemical Processes
Published in Anirban Das, Gyandshwar Kumar Rao, Kasinath Ojha, Photoelectrochemical Generation of Fuels, 2023
Camilla Tossi, Ornella Laouadi, Ilkka Tittonen, Aadesh P. Singh
Nowadays, polarography refers only to voltammetry performed with DME, which is considered obsolete and has been replaced by the static mercury drop electrode, while voltammetry has become the general term to describe the techniques that measure the current response to a variable potential, providing information on the current-voltage behavior of an analyte. The resulting plot, which presents the current produced by the analyte versus the potential applied to the WE, is called voltammogram and it can also take into account the temporal evolution of the system. This technique can be used with a two electrodes system (i.e. a counter and WEs) or a three electrodes system (i.e. by adding an RE or an auxiliary electrode). The electrodes are immersed in the electrolyte solution, and a controlled variable potential is applied to the WE with respect to the RE, while the solution will electrochemically react at the WE. Finally, it is worth noting that voltammetry is a cost-effective technique that allows quantitative and qualitative analysis of a vast range of ionic and molecular materials [33]. There is a variety of voltammetry techniques: here two of them will be discussed, which are linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV).
Voltametric, Amperometric, and Other Electrochemical Analyzers
Published in Béla G. Lipták, Analytical Instrumentation, 2018
POLAROGRAPHY Process for monitoring the diffusion current flow between working and auxiliary electrodes as a function of applied voltage as it is systematically varied. Concentration of analyte allows for flow of the diffusion current, which is linearly dependent on the analyte concentration. Polarography can be applied using direct current, pulsed direct current, or alternating current voltage excitation wave forms. Dissolved oxygen determination is an example of an application for which polarography is used.
Electrochemical Studies in Microemulsions
Published in Promod Kumar, K. L. Mittal, Handbook of Microemulsion Science and Technology, 2018
The electrochemical experiments are typically conducted in a three-electrode cell with working, counter, and reference electrodes. The current flows between the working and counter electrodes. The potential of the working electrode is recorded with respect to the reference electrode. Typical reference electrodes used in studying surfactant systems include the saturated calomel electrode (SCE) and the Ag/AgCl (saturated KCl) electrode. Carbon (glassy or pyrolytic), platinum, and mercury are generally used as the working electrode. A dropping mercury electrode (DME) or a static mercury drop electrode is common for polarography. Both solid electrodes and hanging mercury drop electrodes are used in voltammetry. The geometric surface area of the electrode varies from 1 to 10 mm2.
Electrochemical detection and quantification of Reactive Red 195 dyes on graphene modified glassy carbon electrode
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part C, 2019
M. Revathi, B. Kavitha, C. Vedhi, N. Senthil Kumar
Azo compounds which play part as terminal electron acceptors are utilized by carriers in the electron transport chain. Hence, they regenerate themselves, fortuitously reducing azo bond and finally breaking the RB5 dye chromophore.26 Electrochemical methods, based on the two-step reduction of azo-groups (–N=N–), such as differential pulse polarography, square wave adsorptive voltammetry, and differential pulse voltammetry were adopted for the determination of azo-compounds.27,28 The electrochemical oxidation behavior of the textile dyes has attracted little attention. Voltammetric studies of reactive dyes that can be analyzed voltammetrically by oxidation of their oxidizable groups present in the dye molecule.29–32 The electrochemical oxidation of cibacron was studied over a wide pH range between 2.54 and 8.70. Cibacron red FN-R (1.0 × 10−4 mol L−1) was hydrolyzed to convert it to the form in which it is normally found in industrial effluents. The content of the dye in synthetic industrial effluents was determined referring to the regression equation.30 Electrochemical oxidation is becoming an alternative wastewater treatment method and replacing the conventional processes, because many industrial processes produce toxic wastewaters, which are not easily biodegradable and requiring costly physical or physicochemical pretreatments.33 The electrochemical treatment of textile dye wastewater containing Levafix Blue CA, Levafix Red CA and Levafix Yellow CA reactive dyes was studied on iron electrodes in the presence of NaCl electrolyte in a batch electrochemical reactor.34
New metal-based drugs: spectral, electrochemical, DNA-binding and anticancer activity properties
Published in Inorganic and Nano-Metal Chemistry, 2021
Mustafa Çeşme, Harun Muslu, Mehmet Tumer, Özge Güngör, Mine Altunbek, Mustafa Culha, Aysegul Golcu
The electrochemical behavior of the active ingredient DAC was examined in previous studies by different electrochemical techniques such as differential pulse polarography at the dropping mercury electrode and differential pulse voltammetry at the hanging mercury drop electrode by Ordieres et al.[14] and Temerk et al.,[10] respectively. Also, electrochemical reduction of the dacarbazine-Cu2+ complex was investigated same techniques.