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Conductive Electroactive Polymers in Electrocatalysis and Sensing Applications
Published in Inamuddin, Mohd Imran Ahamed, Rajender Boddula, Adil A. Gobouri, Electroactive Polymeric Materials, 2022
Achi Fethi, Benmoussa Fateh, Henni Abdellah, Zembouai Idris, Kaci Mustapha
Synthesis in the potentiostatic mode can be carried out at a single potential or in successive stages at different potentials and allows a thin and homogeneous film to be obtained (Patois et al., 2011). This method consists of applying a constant potential (E) to a working electrode and measuring the variation in the current as a function of time (Ruiz et al., 2004). The applied potential is suitable for the oxidation of the monomer used, which generates oxidized monomer species that can be coupled to the surface of the working electrode. It is generally accepted that the potentiostatic method avoids the effects of overoxidation, because the oxidation potential is strictly controlled; in addition, it is very effective when preparing thick films over a short time. However, the reduction due solely to the binding of the monomer to the PANI chain during potentiostatic deposition is incomplete (Cui, Su, and Lee, 1993). This leads to the buildup of residual oxidized PANI and hydrolysis products in the film.
Sensors with 1-Dimensional Metal Oxide
Published in Zainovia Lockman, 1-Dimensional Metal Oxide Nanostructures, 2018
Khairunisak Abdul Razak, Nur Syafinaz Ridhuan, Noorhashimah Mohamad Nor, Haslinda Abdul Hamid, Zainovia Lockman
In order to detect analytes in the solid, liquid, or gaseous phase, the direct-reading selective sensors, such as electrochemical sensors can be used. Electrochemical sensors commonly have a reference electrode (e.g., Ag/AgCl), a counter electrode or auxiliary electrode (e.g., Pt, Au, graphite), and a working electrode (e.g., Ag, glassy carbon) also known as the sensing electrode. The counter electrode is an electrode which is used to close the current circuit and does not contribute to the electrochemical cell. The reference electrode is an electrode which has steady potential and used as a mark of reference for the potential controller and measurement in the electrochemical cell. The working electrode is the electrode on which the electrochemical reaction between electrode surface and analytes take place/occur. Typically, it is divided into two types of configurations: two-electrode and, as shown in Figure 8.2, three-electrode systems.
Electrochemical Studies in Microemulsions
Published in Promod Kumar, K. L. Mittal, Handbook of Microemulsion Science and Technology, 2018
The electrochemical experiments are typically conducted in a three-electrode cell with working, counter, and reference electrodes. The current flows between the working and counter electrodes. The potential of the working electrode is recorded with respect to the reference electrode. Typical reference electrodes used in studying surfactant systems include the saturated calomel electrode (SCE) and the Ag/AgCl (saturated KCl) electrode. Carbon (glassy or pyrolytic), platinum, and mercury are generally used as the working electrode. A dropping mercury electrode (DME) or a static mercury drop electrode is common for polarography. Both solid electrodes and hanging mercury drop electrodes are used in voltammetry. The geometric surface area of the electrode varies from 1 to 10 mm2.
Preparation and electrochemical properties of a polyN,N’-methylene diacrylamide-based cross-linking copolymer film on 6063 Al alloy
Published in Transactions of the IMF, 2021
Huicheng Yu, Zhanwang Shi, Yong Fu, Dongping Wei, Fuhou Lei, Xuecai Tan
Cylindrical rod samples were sealed using an epoxy resin in glass tubes as shown in Figure 1. The exposed surface area was 0.785 cm2. Before modifying the surface of the working electrode, it was treated through the following steps: the working electrode was first polished using 1000# and 1200# abrasive paper. The electrode was then degreased in acetone for 5 min, rinsed with distilled water for 5 min and activated by immersing the electrode in 5% NaOH aqueous solution for 2 min. The electrode was rinsed again with distilled water for 2 min followed by absolute ethanol for another 2 min and dried in air for 1 h. The coatings were applied using the dip-coating technique. The final mixtures were dip-coated onto the aluminium substrates, using a withdrawal rate of 5 cm min−1, and remained in the solution for 1 min each time, then dried in a desiccator at room temperature for 60 min. Finally, the coated substrates were thermally polymerised at 90 °C in a vacuum oven (114 Torr) for 1 h. The dry thickness of the coating as measured using a Fischer DualScope FMP40 Tester was 20 ± 0.5 μm. The prepared working electrode was then characterised using FT-IR and SEM. The working electrode was also used for electrochemical measurement.
Investigations on the corrosion behaviour and biocompatibility of magnesium alloy surface composites AZ91D-ZrO2 fabricated by friction stir processing
Published in Transactions of the IMF, 2019
R. Vaira Vignesh, R. Padmanaban, M. Govindaraju, G. Suganya Priyadharshini
The corrosion studies on the composite specimens were performed using the potentiodynamic polarisation technique in an electrochemical work station (CH Instruments, Model: 680 Amp Booster). The electrochemical cell consisted of a three electrode system, in which the specimens acted as working electrode. A platinum wire acted as counter electrode and a standard calomel electrode was used as reference electrode. The electrolyte solution was a physiological solution, which was prepared in accordance with the recipe of Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered (DPB) solution. The essential quantities of salts for preparing the DPB solution are given in Table 3. The temperature of the solution was maintained at 37 ± 0.1°C using a water bath. Open circuit potential was monitored for 3600 s until a steady state was achieved. The specimens were polarised at a scan rate of 5 mV s−1 in the potential range between −2.0 V and −0.5 V. The current sensitivity was chosen as 10−2 μA for the electrochemical corrosion tests.
Evaluation of the passivity limits in austenitic stainless steel exposed to H2S-containing brines using point defect model analysis
Published in Corrosion Engineering, Science and Technology, 2022
The three-electrode cell configured within the autoclave uses UNS S31603 for the working electrode, alloy C-2000 (UNS N06200) for the counter electrode and a W/Woxide reference electrode. The electrodes used are manufactured to a cylindrical geometry with 3 cm in length and 0.6 cm in diameter, and the exposed area in the volume of solution inside the autoclave is 5 cm2. The working electrode surface is prepared by polishing the surface up grit 600 and degreasing with acetone. The W/Woxide reference electrodes and the C-2000 alloy for the counter electrode were chosen because of their stability in relation to sour and oxidising environments [24].