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Manufacturing Products
Published in Roger Timings, Basic Manufacturing, 2006
Toxicity is the property of a material or substance to have a poisonous effect on the body by touching, swallowing or inhaling. Toxic materials may be liquid, solid, powder or gaseous in form, and should be stored in a cool, dry and well ventilated and drained place. Toxic materials can affect our bodies in two ways: Irritants affect our flesh both externally and internally. Externally irritants can cause skin complaints such as sensitization and industrial dermatitis. More serious is the internal irritation caused by poisons that can affect the major organs of the body. Such irritants can cause inflammation, ulceration, poisoning and the formation of cancerous tumours.Systemics affect the fundamental organs and nervous systems of our bodies. They affect the brain, liver, kidneys, lungs and bone marrow.
Emergency First Aid Treatment of Poisoning
Published in Charles R. Foden, Jack L. Weddell, Household Chemicals and Emergency First Aid, 2017
Charles R. Foden, Jack L. Weddell
By Absorption: Many substances can be absorbed directly through the skin in large enough quantities to be poisonous. This includes some insecticides, plant sprays, and cleaning fluids. These are only a few, but are the most common. These substances produce general toxic effects or severe local irritation that will increase the amount and rapidity of absorption.
A review on remediation technologies for nickel-contaminated soil
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2020
Xueyan Chen, Deepika Kumari, C J Cao, Grażyna Plaza, Varenyam Achal
Nickel is an essential element for the human body, and it can disrupt peptidase function and blood circulation. In fact, due to its high toxicity, it is regarded as a priority pollutant by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA 2014). Nickel carbonyl is highly poisonous and causes acute nervous system toxicity. In addition, according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer, metallic nickel and nickel compounds are animal and human carcinogens. Nickel can enter the body and cause harm through accidental ingestion of particles and inhalation of fly ash (Zhong and Jiang 2017). In addition, some fruits and vegetables accumulate nickel when they are planted in contaminated soil. Thus, both the food chain and environment are ways that heavy metals such as nickel accumulate in the human body, causing damage (Kelepertzis 2014). Excess nickel concentrations also cause undesirable effects on children’s intellectual ability (Hong et al. 2016). Research has shown that the behavior of zebrafish that accumulated nickel was impeded, which can occur when free nickel enters the aquatic environment via rainwater and irrigation from soil (Nabinger et al.2018). However, in addition to pollution of water (groundwater and surface water), nickel pollution of soil threatens many other organisms. For example, increased nickel concentrations in soil can reduce microbial biomass as well as urease and dehydrogenase activities. In addition, arylsulfatase activity, which is relevant to hydrolyzing sulfate esters, is decreased in contaminated soil (Wyszkowska et al. 2016), and research has shown that high concentrations of nickel inhibit Collembola growth and have more intense effects on juveniles.
Determination of cytotoxic, genotoxic, and oxidative damage from deltamethrin on primary hepatocyte culture of Lake Van fish, Alburnus tarichi
Published in Chemistry and Ecology, 2020
Ayşe N. Kiraççakali, Ahmet R. Oğuz
Present study provides important data on pyrethroid pesticide biochemical effects assessment in cell culture. Lake Van fish primary hepatocyte culture was used as a key indicator of environmental toxicity in Lake Van. High doses of deltamethrin have toxic effects for Lake Van fish. The results may help to understand the toxicity and poisonous quality of the pesticide, such as pyrethroids, in the Lake Van basin.
Distribution and environmental risk assessment of trace metals in sludge from multiple sources in Taiwan
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2021
Ming-Huang Wang, Chih-Feng Chen, Yun-Ru Ju, Mei-Ling Tsai, Chiu-Wen Chen, Cheng-Di Dong
Table 5 shows the regulation limits of heavy metals in sludge from China, the USA, the EU, and Taiwan. These limits will be used to compare the heavy metal contents in sludge. Figure 2 shows the heavy metal concentration distribution in a different source of sludge samples. In the ITP group, some elements were higher than the regulation shown in Figure 2 and Table 5. The metal concentration in WTP and WWTP is lower than the guidelines. But in the ITP group, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Hg were higher than the regulation of fertilizer in Taiwan. The result was indicated that the sludge owns a low risk in WTP and WWTP groups. And another concern is that the level of plant uptake, bioaccumulation, and tolerance of plants to heavy metals varies among different crops at different rates of application of sludge.[50] The amount of heavy metal content in the soil affects the absorption of heavy metals by plants. Excessive accumulation of heavy metals in plants causes obstacles to its normal development such as causing abnormal atrophy and shortness of the root system. There are many types of heavy metals, some of them have been defined as trace elements required for plant growth, and the others are not necessary for plant growth.[51] The plants absorb and accumulate heavy metals, most of the plant roots absorb water and nutrients while carrying heavy metal ions into the plant. The water volatilizes through evaporation, and the heavy metals are gradually accumulated and concentrated in the plant.[52] Grant et al.[53] pointed out that after plants absorb cadmium from the soil, they will concentrate and accumulate cadmium in the protein in the plant body and affect its growth.[53] In our case, the cadmium concentration was in the range from 0.83 to 1.9 mg/kg dw, which is lower than other elements in this study. Once the plant accumulates cadmium in the plant, it will reduce the photosynthesis efficiency of the plant and also inhibit evapotranspiration. It mainly reduces stomata and intercellular conduction, resulting in various plant growth conditions and the cadmium content in the plant. When the plant absorbs excessive heavy metals from the soil, and the heavy metal content in the plant body exceeds the poisonous critical concentration of the heavy metal, the plant body will have poisonous symptoms due to metal poisoning. Mercury and lead are not easily absorbed by the crops. After being absorbed by crops, the cadmium in the food chain causes harm to humans and animals. For the IPT group, the concentration of Hg, Pb, and Cr was shown as the average in 2.2, 125, and 153 mg/kg dw.