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Health Effects
Published in Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish, Air Quality, 2021
Wayne T. Davis, Joshua S. Fu, Thad Godish
Acute or chronic Pb poisoning may occur as a result of significant exposures. Principal target organs are blood, the brain and nervous system, and the renal and reproductive systems. Acute exposures (blood levels of >60 μg/dL) may produce colic, shock, severe anemia, nervousness, kidney damage, irreversible brain damage, and death. Chronic poisoning may result in a variety of symptoms depending on the exposure level. Acute and chronic symptom responses based on blood lead levels (BLLs) are summarized in Table 5.3. Exposures on the more extreme end of BLLs may cause severe brain damage and damage to kidneys and blood-forming tissue. At the lower end, health effects may include neurodevelopmental changes in children, increased blood pressure and related cardiovascular effects in adults, and possibly cancer.
Government Regulation
Published in Ronald Scott, of Industrial Hygiene, 2018
Hazardous substances must be labeled. The label must include the identity of the substance, information regarding hazards associated with the substance, and the name and address of a person from whom additional information may be obtained. OSHA has an established list of substances for which specific wording is required on the label. The American National Standards Institute has suggested a nine-item label: Identity.CAUTION, WARNING, or DANGER.A statement of the hazards.Safety measures such as protective clothing.Instructions as to procedures to use if exposure occurs.Antidotes for poisoning.Emergency treatment information for physicians.Instructions as to procedures in the case of fire, spill, or leakage.Instructions for handling and storage.
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Nicotine sulfate (Black Leaf 40): This time-honored natural insecticide is still used in horticulture. The lethal dose in humans is about 60 mg. Nicotine preparations, especially those using the free alkaloid, are well absorbed across the gut wall, lung, and skin. Poisoning symptoms from excessive doses appear promptly. They are due to transient stimulation, then prolonged depression, of the CNS, autonomic ganglia, and motor end plates of skeletal muscle. Similar symptoms are seen in the chemically sensitive. CNS injury manifests as headache, dizziness, incoordination, and tremors, followed by clonic convulsions leading to tonic-extensor convulsions that are often fatal. In some instances, convulsive activity is minimal, and death by respiratory arrest occurs within a few minutes. Effects on autonomic ganglia give rise to sweating, salivation, nausea, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and hypertension. The heart is usually slow and often arrhythmic. Block of skeletal muscle motor endplates causes profound weakness, then paralysis. Death may occur from respiratory depression or shock. Nicotine can be measured in blood and urine to confirm poisoning.589
Ambient temperature and pesticide poisoning: a time-series analysis
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2019
Junhui Wang, Honglin Wang, Guijie Luan, Dongfeng Zhang
where Yt is the reported daily pesticide poisoning incidence at day t (t = 1, 2, 3, 4, …, 4056), α is the model intercept, Tempt,l is a matrix obtained by DLNM to model nonlinear and distributed lag effects of temperature over the current day to lag l days, and β is the vector of coefficients for Tempt,l. In developing countries, pesticide poisonings from short-term very high-level of exposure (acute poisoning) is the most worrisome and common type of poisoning (Jeyaratnam 1990). A lag of 5 days was prior used to quantify the lagged effect of temperature (Goldberg et al. 2011; Wang et al. 2012). The optimum temperature of 22°C, the 75th percentile of daily mean temperature in Qingdao, was used as the reference value to calculate the relative risk (RR) (Gasparrini et al. 2015; Luan et al. 2018b). The potential confounder relative humidity (Hum) was modeled as a natural spline with three degrees of freedom (df). Akaike’s Information Criterion for quasi-Poisson (QAIC) was adopted to choose the df. The final composition of the function was a natural cubic spline of temperature with three df and a natural cubic spline with three df for lag days. Furthermore, the day of the week (DOW) and public holidays were also included in the model to adjust for any deviation from the weekly pattern and public holidays. Season trend and long-term trends were controlled through a natural cubic spline with 7 df each year for time. Sensitivity and subgroup analyses were conducted by changing df (6 and 10 per year) for time to control for season and df (4 and 6) for humidity and analyzing for different sex and type of poisoning.
Restricted substances for textiles
Published in Textile Progress, 2022
Arun Kumar Patra, Siva Rama Kumar Pariti
Diagnosis of heavy metal poisoning is normally done through blood and urine tests, hair and tissue analysis or X-ray imaging. Treatment is usually carried out in the form of chelation therapy, where a suitable chelating agent specific to the metal involved is given either orally, intramuscularly or intravenously. The chelating agent encircles and binds the metal in the body and releases it through the excretory system. However the treatment can be painful and it is not possible to reverse any neurological damage that has already occurred (Wakankar, 2013). Some of the heavy metals are individually discussed below.