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Mixture Risk Assessment of Chemical: from the Theory to the Application
Published in Nathalie Chèvre, Andrew Barry, Florence Bonvin, Neil Graham, Jean-Luc Loizeau, Hans-Rudolf Pfeifer, Luca Rossi, Torsten Vennemann, Micropollutants in Large Lakes, 2018
Vincent Gregorio, Nathalie Chèvre
For example a mixture of Malathion, an insecticide, with Piperonyl butoxide, an organic compound used as adjuvant in insecticide preparations, shows antagonist effects on daphnids (Rider and LeBlanc, 2005). The authors explain this antagonism by the fact that the Piperonyl butoxide inhibits the P450 cytochrome, i.e. the enzymes produced in organisms and implicated in the detoxification metabolism processes. The implication is that metabolism of Malathion is decreased resulting in a decrease of Malaoxon production, a metabolite much more toxic than Malathion. Synergism and antagonism are generally highlighted when the effects observed during a test differ from the effects predicted by CA/IA $ {\text{CA/IA}} $ . To the best of our knowledge, no model exists to predict such interactive effects.
Pesticides and Chronic Diseases
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Case report: Callender et al.270 have described a woman with chronic neurological sequelae following acute exposure to a combination of an organophosphorothioate insecticide, pyrethrin, piperonyl butoxide, and petroleum distillates. Initially, she developed symptoms of acute cholinergic toxicity. One month after exposure, she experienced severe frequent headaches, muscle cramps, and diarrhea. After 3.5 months, she developed numbness in her legs, tremors, memory problems, anxiety, depression, and insomnia. One year following exposure, she developed weakness, imbalance, and dizziness, and was confined to a wheelchair. Her symptoms were all characteristic of OPIDN. Twenty-eight months after exposure, she developed “delayed sequelae of gross neurologic symptoms,” consisting of coarse tremors, intermittent hemiballistic movements of the right arm and leg, flaccid fasiciculations of muscle groups, muscle cramps, and sensory disturbances.
Macro- and Microemulsion Technology and Trends
Published in Chester L. Foy, David W. Pritchard, and Adjuvant Technology, 2018
A few published examples of microemulsions for pesticides will be reviewed. Use of mixed N-alkylpyrrolidones and optimized surfactants (Igepal CO630 and EO/PO/EO blocks, Pegol L31) has been successfully demonstrated for the formation of stable mixed pyrethroids and synergist (D allethrin, permethrin, tetramethrin, and piperonyl butoxide) as microemulsions in water.77Figure 33 shows the optimized zone for the surfactant, solvent portion of the microemulsion composition.
Biological monitoring of exposure to pesticide residues among Belgian florists
Published in Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal, 2020
Khaoula Toumi, Laure Joly, Christiane Vleminckx, Bruno Schiffers
Table 3 lists the 70 residues (56 pesticides and 14 metabolites) found (concentration ≥ LOD) in the 42 urine samples and their number of detection (N), their chemical class, biological activity (BA), average and range of concentrations (µg/L) in the samples and their toxicological properties (CLP, Classification according the EU Pesticides database). Sixty-three percent of the detected pesticide residues (active substances and metabolites) are insecticides and 36% are fungicides and only piperonyl butoxide is a synergist. Of the 70 detected residues (56 pesticides and 14 metabolites), most of the pesticides belong to carbamates, organophosphates, or neonicotinoids. Pesticides from these families are known for their acute toxicity, with an action on the nervous system. According to the CLP classification (Table 3), the majority of the detected active substances in urine samples of florists are potentially hazardous with acute and/or chronic effects. The analysis of urines confirmed that Belgian florists are exposed to both a very high number of toxic chemicals which are no more approved in Europe, USA, and many other countries, and to rather high concentration levels (Toumi et al.2016a,b, 2017a,b).
Biocidal spray product exposure: Measured gas, particle, and surface concentrations compared with spray model simulations
Published in Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2020
Per Axel Clausen, Thit Aarøe Mørck, Alexander Christian Østerskov Jensen, Torben Wilde Schou, Vivi Kofoed-Sørensen, Ismo K. Koponen, Marie Frederiksen, Ann Detmer, Michael Fink, Asger W. Nørgaard, Peder Wolkoff
Three commercial spray products already available on the market were selected. Biocide 1. Used for rapid control of flying insects by private consumers indoors; organic solvent-based and propellant-driven pressurized spray can.Active substances: Pyrethrum extract, Permethrin, Piperonyl butoxideBiocide 2. Indoor insecticide for professional use, dispersion of microcapsules containing the active substance in water stabilized with polyvinyl and ethoxylated alcohols, pumped spray formulation. It is diluted to 2% in water and loaded into a pumped spray device (Gloria 505T) and adjusted to maximum aerosol generation.Active substance: λ-CyhalothrinBiocide 3. Used for professional disinfection and cleaning, in aqueous solution, pumped spray formulation. It was automatically diluted to 2% in water and loaded into a pumped spray device (Gloria 505T) and adjusted to maximum aerosol generation.Active substance: Benzalkonium chlorides
RNA-Seq analysis of Phanerochaete sordida YK-624 degrades neonicotinoid pesticide acetamiprid
Published in Environmental Technology, 2023
Jianqiao Wang, Yilin Liu, Ru Yin, Nana Wang, Tangfu Xiao, Hirofumi Hirai
In our previous study, the degradation of ACE by P. sordida YK-624 was observed to be affected by the addition of the cytochrome P450 inhibitor piperonyl butoxide. Cytochrome P450 plays an important role in the degradation of ACE by P. sordida YK-624 [22]. In the present study, 13 DEGs were characterised as cytochrome P450 (Table S4). Cluster-261.1191, cluster-261.5282, cluster-261.6286, cluster-261.3684, cluster-261.3747, cluster-261.2857, cluster-261.7977, cluster- 261.4980, cluster-261.5914, cluster-261.7094 and cluster-261.6823 were upregulated 2.02∼3.14-fold in ACE-degrading conditions. Two genes (cluster-261.3761 and cluster-261.1094) were downregulated. These results suggested that cytochrome P450s played important roles in the degradation of ACE. The typical white-rot fungus P. chrysosporium, which is the most extensively studied, has 156 cytochrome P450-encoding genes in the genome [34]. Further evolutionary analysis of cytochrome P450s in P. chrysosporium and 12 cytochrome P450-encoded genes in this study were performed. Overall, cluster-261.2857, cluster-261.1191, and cluster-261.15914 exhibited a very close phylogenetic relationship, whereas cluster-261.6823, cluster-261.4980, cluster-261.7977, cluster-261.7094 and cluster-261.1094 (downregulated) were phylogenetically close. Cluster-261.3747, cluster-261.6286 and cluster-261.5282 were relatively close, while cluster-261.3761 (downregulated) was clearly separated in the tree (Figure 5). Recently, a cytochrome P450, CYP5147A3 (16 d) of P. chrysosporium, was determined to be responsible for the degradation of ACE, and the metabolites N’-cyano-N-methylacetamidine and 6-chloro-3-pyridinemethanol were identified [35]. CYP5147A3 (16 d) showed a distant phylogenetic relationship to the cytochrome P450-encoding genes identified in this study (Figure 5). This result may explain why different metabolites were identified in P. sordida YK-624 and P. chrysosporium.