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Crops and the Atmosphere
Published in Yeqiao Wang, Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biodiversity, 2020
Jürgen Kreuzwieser, Heinz Rennenberg
The effects of atmospheric trace gases on crops are quite diverse and depend on the type of gas, its concentration, the duration of exposure, and the amount taken up, as well as a range of plant internal factors. Direct phytotoxic effects due to exposure to high concentrations of pollutants such as O3 and SO2 on crop plants include, among others, visible leaf injury; changes in chloroplast structure and cell membranes; disturbances of stomatal regulation, respiration, and photosynthesis; and reductions in growth and yield.[5] However, because sulfur (S) is an essential nutrient for plants, SO2 absorbed by foliage may also be used as an additional source of sulfur in polluted areas, in addition to sulfate from the soil.[6] The same principle applies to nitrogen (N). Thus, effects of trace gases can be divided into phytotoxic effects caused by protons, organic compounds, SO2, NO2, NH3, and O3; and nutritional effects caused by S-and N-containing gases and CO2.[7]
Crops and the Atmosphere: Trace Gas Exchanges
Published in Yeqiao Wang, Atmosphere and Climate, 2020
Jürgen Kreuzwieser, Heinz Rennenberg
The effects of atmospheric trace gases on crops are quite diverse and depend on the type of gas, its concentration, the duration of exposure, and the amount taken up, as well as a range of plant internal factors. Direct phytotoxic effects due to exposure to high concentrations of pollutants such as O3 and SO2 on crop plants include, among others, visible leaf injury; changes in chloroplast structure and cell membranes; disturbances of stomatal regulation, respiration, and photosynthesis; and reductions in growth and yield.[5] However, because sulfur (S) is an essential nutrient for plants, SO2 absorbed by foliage may also be used as an additional source of sulfur in polluted areas, in addition to sulfate from the soil.[6] The same principle applies to nitrogen (N). Thus, effects of trace gases can be divided into phytotoxic effects caused by protons, organic compounds, SO2, NO2, NH3, and O3; and nutritional effects caused by S-and N-containing gases and CO2.[7-
Phytoremediation of soil co-contaminated with zinc and crude oil using Ocimum gratissimum (L.) in association with Pseudomonas putida MU02
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2021
Deki Choden, Prayad Pokethitiyook, Toemthip Poolpak, Maleeya Kruatrachue
Anthropogenic activities have resulted in severe contamination of soil with significant environmental effects and health risks. The presence of heavy metals and hydrocarbons in soil is unquestionably a global concern owing to its persistence and negative impacts on living organisms and the environment. Soil contamination by heavy metal in and around industrial and agricultural area can affect the crop yield, soil biomass and fertility and eventually lead to bioaccumulation of heavy metal in the food chain (Gratão et al. 2005; Rajkumar et al. 2009). Although an essential micro-nutrient, anthropogenic input of zinc resulting from mining, smelting activities and agricultural soil treated with sewage sludge have substantially increased the level of zinc in soil especially in low pH soils (Broadley et al. 2007). Elevated concentration of zinc can prevent the uptake of iron by plants. The phytotoxic symptoms include leaf chlorosis, curling and rolling of younger leaves, stunting shoot and death of root tips. Furthermore, soil adulteration by petroleum products particularly crude oil can deteriorate the soil structure and can lead to soil mineral nutrient deficit and loss of organic matter. It further exposes soil to leaching and erosion (Palese et al. 2004).
Silicon alleviates arsenic-induced toxicity in wheat through vacuolar sequestration and ROS scavenging
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2018
Md Monayem Hossain, Most Amena Khatun, Md Najmul Haque, Md Azizul Bari, Md Firoz Alam, Abul Mandal, Ahmad Humayan Kabir
Arsenic (As) is a toxic chemical element. Millions of people affected by As-contaminated water and food materials in South and Southeast Asia (Nordstrom 2002). Among the different As derivatives, arsenate is the dominant form of As in aerobic soils and is an analog of phosphate. Concentrations of As have increased substantially in soils as a result of the industrial revolution (Smith et al.1998), and from the use of growth promoters for poultry and pigs (Christen 2001). High soil As is phytotoxic to plants causing decreases in plant growth and yields; discolored and stunted roots; reductions in protein contents, and photosynthetic capacity (Marin et al. 1993). Excessive uptake of As by crop plants may present a food safety problem. Soil contamination with As is now a serious concern, particularly in agricultural land (Mishra et al.2014). It leads higher accumulation of As in crop grain that may pose a health risk to people (Jaishankar et al.2014).