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Constitution of a Chemical Reaction and Reaction Balancing
Published in John Andraos, Reaction Green Metrics, 2018
(a) phosphorous pentoxide; (b) phosphorus trioxide; (c) phosphorus tetroxide; (d) P4O6; (e) P4O10; (f) phosphorus oxychloride; (g) sodium pyrophosphate; (h) sodium trimetaphosphate; (i) phosphinic acid; (j) phosphoric acid; (k) phosphorous acid; (l) hypophosphorous acid; (m) trimethyl phosphite; (n) dimethyl methylphosphonate
An Overview on the Recovery of Cobalt from End-of-life Lithium Ion Batteries
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2022
Marcelo Borges Mansur, Alexandre Silva Guimarães, Martina Petraniková
Aqueous liquors with a low Fe content can also be treated through solvent extraction, using commercial extractants (phosphorous acid-based reagents), for example, D2EHPA (di-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid) and Cyanex 272 (bis-2,4,4-trimethylpentyl phosphinic acid). The method is very selective at pH < 3 for Fe3+ and Al3+ species, although the operating costs are comparatively higher than precipitation. The Fe-organocomplex formed here is particularly very stable; therefore, Fe stripping requires contacting with very strong acid solutions. As pointed out by Martins et al. (2020), this may be interesting, as it prevents the Fe from going to the final stripping solution; on the other hand, the organic regeneration step must remove all Fe content and the use of a strong regenerant may represent an additional complication in the process (Ismael and Carvalho 2002). However, if Fe3+ concentration is relatively low (below 0.5 g.L−1), it can be effectively stripped from the loaded organic phase by the galvanic stripping method, which consists of adding reducing agents to the regeneration solution (Sun and O’Keefe 2002).
Electrodeposition of amorphous Ni–P layers, thermal treatment and corrosion behaviour
Published in Transactions of the IMF, 2019
The most commonly used source of Ni in the plating baths is NiSO4; also often used but more seldom is NiCl2. Both can be used together or separately in the plating bath. Ni-sulphamate (Ni(SO3NH2)2) and Ni-pyrophosphate (Ni2P2O7) are alternative sources of Ni9,10 used in recent years, but less frequently. As a source of P normally the P-acids are used, most often phosphorous acid (H3PO3) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4)11–15 and most seldom hypo-phosphorous acid (H3PO2).16 In the literature, one can find that after the year 2000 the use of sodium hypophosphite (NaH2PO2),17,18 in the electrolyte prevails, acting both as a P-source and as a reducing agent simultaneously. Its use in the plating bath is more frequently present in electroless plating,10,17 although in recent years after 200619,20 it is employed also in electrodeposition experiments. Carboxylic acids and their salts (e.g. propionic acid (CH3CH2COOH), Na-citrate ((CH2)2OH(COONa)3), etc.)10,17, 21,22 are used as Ni(II) complexing agents.
A development of novel Ni–P coating on anodised aluminium alloys for military industries applications in artificial sea water
Published in Surface Engineering, 2019
Soha A. Abdel-Gawad, Walid M. Osman, Amany M. Fekry
Samples were set at a current density of 3.23 A dm−2 at 70°C with dissimilar concentrations of phosphorous acid (0–20 g L−1) at a constant concentration of phosphoric acid in the bath (40 g L−1). The thickness of the nickel layer on the anodised aluminium alloys was measured as represented in Table 4 and Figure 1. As the phosphorous acid concentration arose, the deposition rate of the Ni–P coating layer and the cathodic current efficiency reduced. This can be explained by the improvement in the hydrogen ions reduction cathodically as more of H3PO3 is further in the bath, therefore reducing the rate of nickel deposition [16].