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Production Operations and Flow Assurance
Published in Chun Huh, Hugh Daigle, Valentina Prigiobbe, Maša Prodanović, Practical Nanotechnology for Petroleum Engineers, 2019
Chun Huh, Hugh Daigle, Valentina Prigiobbe, Maša Prodanović
Several different technologies have been developed to address scale issues using nanoparticles. Scale-inhibiting chemicals may be used to coat or otherwise bind to nanoparticles. Phosphonates have been used for many years as scale inhibitors in oil and gas production. Tomson and coworkers at Rice University have developed a method for controlled release of phosphonates by precipitating metal-phosphonate nanoparticles using Ca, Zn, Al, or other metals (Yan et al. 2014; Zhang et al. 2010a 2011a,b). These nanoparticles can then be injected into the near-wellbore region, where they attach to mineral surfaces and gradually release small dosages of phosphonate inhibitor during production (Figure 8.4). In a similar application, Do et al. (2013) coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with maleic acid-co-2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), which is also a widely used polymeric scale inhibitor (Shi et al. 2012; Zhang et al. 2012). Rather than binding to mineral surface in the subsurface, these coated nanoparticles inhibit scale formation while dispersed in formation brine and may be detected in and removed from produced water due to the use of a magnetic core.
Turfgrass Diseases and Nematodes
Published in L.B. (Bert) McCarty, Golf Turf Management, 2018
Phosphonates (phosphorous acid salts). Phosphonate-containing products have recently been linked with disease control and possible fertilizer benefits. Phosphonate is a compound containing a carbon-to-phosphorus bond. Salts of phosphorous acid are phosphates (PO4−3) and phosphate products often contain a mixture of phosphorous acid and potassium hydroxide (KOH). From a fungicidal view, products made up of the salt and esters of phosphorous acid (HPO(OH)2) typically provide the desired control. Phosphorous acid is a readily available solid substance that, when mixed with water, forms a strong acid referred to as phosphonic acid. In its pure form, phosphonic acid is so strong it causes excessive plant injury; thus, it is combined or diluted with other chemicals. This is often performed by mixing with an alkali salt such as potassium hydroxide (KOH) to form potassium phosphorous acid or potassium phosphite (KPO3−2) and is the active ingredient in Alude, Appear, Magellan, Biophos, Resyst, Vital, and others. It is also the main ingredient in several phosphonate fertilizers such as K-Phite (0-29-26), Ele-Max Foliar Phosphite (0-28-26), and Nutri Phite P + K (0-28-26).
The Hydrosphere and Water Chemistry
Published in Stanley E. Manahan, Environmental Chemistry, 2022
Phosphonate chelating agents are used for applications that include inhibition of scale and corrosion, metal finishing, cleaning and laundry agents, ore recovery, and petroleum drilling. They are used in agricultural applications and in pulp, paper, and textile production. Although they are not very biodegradable, they interact strongly with surfaces and are removed with the sludge from biological waste treatment.
Hydrophobic chemical treatment of aggregate surfaces to re-engineer the mineral/bitumen interface and improve bitumen adhesion
Published in Road Materials and Pavement Design, 2021
Stephen Bagshaw, Tim Kemmitt, Sam Brooke, Mark Waterland, Larry Fertel
The concept of adding alkyl phosphate acids to bitumen for asphalt manufacture was previously described in the 1950s by Harman and Sommer (1950) wherein the possibility of adding the alkyl phosphate acid to the aggregate was mentioned but not explored. Only the addition of the adhesion agent into the bitumen matrix was claimed. Alkyl phosphonate (A-Phon) / alkyl-phosphate acid (A-Phos) compounds are currently used extensively in various industrial sectors (marine, paint, industrial coatings) as surface treatment agents due to their lower toxicity, higher stability and higher activity towards metal corrosion inhibition in aqueous media than other systems (Prabakaran, Vadivu, Ramesh, & Periasamy, 2014; Pujari, Scheres, Marcelis, & Zuilhof, 2014). While the addition of A-Phon/A-Phos obeys similar tenants as those for alkyl silane surface treatment, the chemistry of the A-Phon/A-Phos reagents offers significant advantages. Similar to alkyl silanes, A-Phon/A-Phos reagents can bond with surface hydroxyl sites, but importantly those bonds are stronger than silane linkages. In addition, the phosphate compounds also bind to sites of electron deficiency (Lewis acid sites: Al3+, Fen+ or Ca2+) in the material surface (Hanson, Schwartz, Nickel, Koch, & Danisman, 2003; Hotchkiss, 2008; Nie, Walzak, & McIntyre, 2006).
Phosphorus in water: A review on the speciation analysis and species specific removal strategies
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Yuqian Jia, Shuhui Sun, Shu Wang, Xing Yan, Jieshu Qian, Bingcai Pan
Phosphonates are present in municipal wastewaters and various industrial wastewaters. Rott, Steinmetz et al. (2018) have critically reviewed the existing studies until the year 2016 on the potential environmental relevance of phosphonates, their biotic and abiotic degradability, and their removal in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) (Rott, Steinmetz et al., 2018). It is essential to remove phosphonates from water because they are resistant to most microorganisms and could be transformed to more toxic P species, i.e., aminomethylphosphonic acid, via photolytic degradation and biological processes (Rott, Steinmetz et al., 2018).
Removal and recovery of phosphonates from wastewater via adsorption
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2023
Rubina Altaf, Bo Sun, Huijie Lu, Heping Zhao, Dezhao Liu
Phosphorus (P) is a finite resource and essential element for agriculture and food production but so far, it is only considered to be recovered in a few countries in the world. Among the various types of phosphorus, organophosphonates represent an important kind of molecules because of their effectiveness as pesticides and nerve agents (Jang et al., 2015). Phosphonates are organophosphorus compounds that comprised with carbon-phosphorus (C-P) bonds. The bond of C-P is hydrolytically stable and chemically inert (Kamat & Raushel, 2013).