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Published in Maurizio Cumo, Antonio Naviglio, Safety Design Criteria for Industrial Plants, 2019
Claudia Bartolomei, Sergio Paribelli
Toxicity — Hexamethyl phosphoramide is a suspected human carcinogen. Administration via oral, dermal, or intravenous route may cause moderate erythema and moderate edema. Carcinogenic determination: animal positive (IARC). LD50: 2525 mg/kg (administered to rat via oral route).LDL0: 3500 mg/kg (administered to rat by skin).LD50: 800 mg/kg (administered to mouse via intravenous route).LD50: 2600 mg/kg (administered to rabbit by skin).LD50: 1600 mg/kg (administered to guinea pig via oral route).LD50: 1175 mg/kg (administered to guinea pig by skin).LD50: 835 mg/kg (administered to chicken via oral route).TCL0: 440 ppb (administered to rat via inhalation route over a period of 35 weeks, intermittently, in a number of discrete doses). No TLV is recommended at this time pending the completion of experiments defining a no-observed effect level. It appears that a TLV should be in the low ppb range, at best.
An efficient heterogeneous Cu(I) complex for the catalytic oxidation of alcohols and sulfides: synthesis, characterization, and investigation of the catalyst activity
Published in Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 2021
Nasrin Oroujzadeh, Zahra Baradaran, Alireza Sedrpoushan
The need for environmentally friendly and cost-effective methodologies for oxidations of alcohols continues to attract attention [16]. Phosphoramide compounds have been used as catalysts in many reactions. Using the first polymer-supported phosphoramide as a catalyst, the aldol reaction between a trichlorosilyl enol ether and various aldehydes was carried out with significant rate enhancements at low temperature [38]. Phosphoramide compounds have been utilized as catalysts for the reduction of acetophenone, obtaining products of modest enantiomeric excess at dramatically increased reaction rates [39]. A series of new tris (β-hydroxy phosphoramide) compounds have been synthesized and used as catalysts of asymmetric borane reduction of ketones [40]. Phosphoric triamide compounds containing -C(O)N(H)P(O)- skeleton are an important group of phosphoramides. This class of compounds has been used for drug, insecticide, growth regulator for plants, fungicide, herbicide, anti-corrosive additive, and antioxidant applications [41]. They have been utilized as N, O-donor ligands in reaction with several metal ions [42–44]. There are few reports about these metal complexes as catalysts in chemical reactions [45, 46]. [Zn(μ-Vp)Ln(L)2(μ-OAc)] and [Ni(μ-Vp)(MeOH)Ln(L)2(μ-OAc)] (L = N-[bis(diethylamino)phosphoryl]-2,2,2-trichloroacetamide, Vp = a Schiff base ligand) have been applied for catalyzing intramolecular transesterification of 2-(hydroxypropyl)-p-nitrophenyl phosphate (HPNP). Kinetic studies exhibited that the rate of hydrolysis is linearly dependent on complex concentration [45]. MnL2Cl2 (L = N-isonicotinyl, N′,Nʺ-bis(pyrrolidinyl) phosphoric triamide) has been reported as an efficient catalyst for olefin epoxidation with H2O2 oxidant. The best yields have been obtained using acetic acid as a co-catalyst at 0 °C [46].