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Terpenoids in Treatment of Liver Disease
Published in Dijendra Nath Roy, Terpenoids Against Human Diseases, 2019
Sujan Chatterjee, Debajyoti Patra, Pujita Ghosh, Akash Prasad, Kaustav Dutta Chowdhury
Gynostemma, a widely familiar terpenoid compound collected from the aqueous whole-plant extract of Gynostemma pentaphyllum, is another enemy of fatty liver disease. Its effect against fatty liver disease was established as being via promoting lipid metabolism along with the up-regulation of phosphatidylcholine in liver cells. It has also inhibited the accumulation of cholesterol and TGs as well as provided a protection against oxidative stress by enhancing the production of nitric oxide (NO) and affecting the molecular conformation of the mitochondrial phospholipid cardiolipin (Hong et al. 2015).
Encapsulation Technologies for Modifying Food Performance
Published in Munmaya K. Mishra, Applications of Encapsulation and Controlled Release, 2019
Maria Inês Ré, Maria Helena Andrade Santana, Marcos Akira d’Ávila
Liposomes as a carrier matrix in foods have become an attractive system, because they can be constructed entirely from acceptable edible compounds (food-grade ingredients), such as proteins and carbohydrates. Lecithin is the main natural phospholipid, routinely extracted from nutrients such as egg yolks and soybeans. Additionally, the phospholipids in the liposome matrix are also versatile nutraceuticals for functional foods. The benefits are for the brain, liver, and blood circulation. Phosphatidylcholine is a highly effective nutraceutical for recovery of the liver following toxic or chronic viral damage. It has exceptional emulsifying properties, which the liver draws on to produce the digestive bile fluid. The lung and intestinal lining cells use phosphatidylcholine to make the surfactant coating essential for their gas and fluid exchange functions. Phosphatidylcholine exhibits potentially lifesaving benefits against pharmaceutical and death cap mushroom poisoning, alcohol-damaged liver, and chronic hepatitis B. Phosphatidylserine has established benefits for higher brain functions such as memory, learning and word recall, mood elevation, and action against stress. Phosphatidylserine also has a salutary revitalizing effect on the aging brain and may also be helpful to children with cognitive and mood problems. The fast access of glycerophosphocholines to the human brain and their capacity to sharpen mental performance also make them well suited for drink formulations. The nutraceutical properties of phospholipids are described extensively by Kidd (2002). Therefore, the product value comes from the health benefits of the phospholipids associated with the benefits of the selected nutrient. This combined phospholipid–nutrient approach is suited to producing chewable tablets, confectionery products, cookies, granulates, spreads, bars, and emulsified or purely aqueous-phase beverages.
Temperature and oxidation-sensitive dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine liposome stabilized with poly(ethyleneimine)/(phenylthio)acetic acid ion pair
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Fanyu Zhao, Garima Sharma, Jin-Chul Kim
Self-assemblies are spontaneously formed by an entropy-driven process when amphiphilic molecules are dispersed in an aqueous phase [1, 2]. The molecular shape of amphiphilic molecules, characterized by its packing parameter, is a determinant factor affecting the self-assembling structure [3, 4]. The amphiphilic molecules, such as phospholipids, assemble into bilayer vesicles called liposomes. The most commonly used phospholipid for the preparation of liposomes is phosphatidylcholine (PC). Since PC has a packing parameter of around 1, it can form liposomes by itself without any helper molecules [5, 6]. Another phospholipid frequently used in preparing liposomes is dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE). Unlike PC, DOPE has a packing parameter greater than 1, and it tends to constitute a reversed hexagonal phase in an aqueous solution [7–9]. However, DOPE can also build bilayer vesicles with the aid of a helper molecule [10–12]. The helper molecule should be amphiphilic to be inserted between the phospholipid heads and fill the space between the heads.
Removal of zinc by emulsion liquid membrane using lecithin as biosurfactant
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2022
Payam Ghorbanpour, Mohsen Jahanshahi
Surfactants play a crucial role in the formation of emulsions and their properties. Phosphatidylcholine under the brand name of Lecithin is a combination of triglycerides, phosphoric acid, and choline. The main sources of lecithin are liver, meat, egg yolk, sunflower, and soy. Lecithin is the dominant phospholipid in the membrane of most mammalian cells. Figure 1 shows the chemical structure of lecithin. Lecithin has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. This feature causes the emulsifying properties of this molecule. One of the most important properties of emulsifiers is their Hydrophilic-Lipophilic-Balance (HLB). Low HLB lecithin, i.e., 2-4 is one of the most suitable biological emulsifiers for making water in oil emulsions.[51–55] This feature has led to the widespread use of lecithin in food industries, such as the production of mayonnaise, margarine, and mustard sauce.[55–58]
Melissa officinalis L. nanoethosomal formulation: evaluation of antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory activities and in vitro toxicity
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2022
Gökçe Şeker Karatoprak, Gamze Başkal, Çiğdem Yücel
The ethosomal formulation was prepared with phospholipid and ethanol ratios (2% (w/w) phospholipid, 30% (v/w) ethanol) which we determined according to the characterization parameters [particle size (PS) and distribution, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ZP), and encapsulation efficiency (EE%)] in our previous pre-formulation studies (Yücel et al. 2019). Soybean phosphatidylcholine (SPC) was used as a phospholipid. It was dissolved with chloroform: methanol (1:3 (v/v)) in a round-bottomed flask and evaporated under a vacuum. The organic solvent in the formed dry lipid film was completely removed and then hydrated with ethyl acetate fraction M60F2. After being kept in an ultrasonic bath for 30 minutes, it was vortexed for 15 minutes. The ETHs were then centrifuged at 10.000 rpm for 30 minutes and the ETHs were separated.