China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Sludge Pelletizing
Published in Alice B. Outwater, Reuse of Sludge and Minor Wastewater Residuals, 2020
In the sludge pelletizing process, dewatered sludge cake is heat dried to produce pellets, powders, or flakes. The solids content of pelletized sludge ranges from about 90 to 98%, so there is less sludge product to be marketed. Pelletizing produces the lowest volume of sludge product of any of the processing technologies that allow sludge to be beneficially reused. Pellets are a highly marketable commodity and have a low enough water content to be easily transported. The pelletizing process requires a relatively small processing site and offers good potential for odor control. Heat drying technology solves most problems associated with the beneficial reuse of sludge: there is a minimal volume of sludge product, the processing odors are easily contained for treatment, there is little land area required for a processing site, and the product is readily accepted by the public.
Steam Treatment of Cellulosic Biomass for Pelletization
Published in Jaya Shankar Tumuluru, Biomass Preprocessing and Pretreatments for Production of Biofuels, 2018
Shahab Sokhansanj, Hamid Rezaei, Pak Sui (Wilson) Lam, Tang Yong, Bahman Ghiasi, Zahra Tooyserkani
Pellets are made by compacting biomass ground particles. The regular pellets in North America are 6.3 mm in diameter with lengths varying from 6 to more than 18 mm. The specific gravity of a single pellet is about 1.2, yielding a bulk density of around 650 kg/m3. The moisture content of pellets is low about 6–8% (wet mass basis). Pellets are primarily used as a solid fuel for combustion. Recent research shows that pellets can also be used as a feedstock for biochemical and thermochemical conversion to produce (primary/secondary) fuels and chemicals (Kumar et al., 2012; Lam et al., 2013a). U.S. and Canada produced more than 8 million metric tons of pellets in 2016 that are mostly exported to Europe and Pacific Rim regions. However, domestic demand of pellets for residential heat and industrial power production is increasing.
Heat and Power
Published in Vaughn Nelson, Kenneth Starcher, Introduction to Bioenergy, 2017
Vaughn Nelson, Kenneth Starcher
Pellet stoves (Figure 8.5) are efficient (up to 95% for dry fuel) and use pellets of wood, sawdust, straw, or other biomass that are fed from a hopper into the stove. Pellets are made from compacted, dried material such as sawdust, shavings, wood powder, or corn cobs. The pellet input is controlled by a thermostat and the fire is controlled by an internal blower and they usually have a second blower to circulate air from the burner to the room. Some stoves have an external air intake, which is more efficient heating than most conventional wood stoves and all open fires. An advantage of many pellet stoves is that they can be vented horizontally. Pellet stoves require electricity for the blowers and maintenance requires removing ash and yearly check of the flue systems.
Duloxetine hydrochloride enteric-coated pellets in capsules with delayed release: formulation and evaluation
Published in Smart Science, 2023
Ramya Krishna Nakkala, Balaji Maddiboyina, Shanmukha Chakravarthi Bolisetti, Harekrishna Roy
The most often used MDDS dose forms continue to be a range of small discrete units, each displaying certain desired properties. These processes divide the dosage of the therapeutic substances into numerous subunits, frequently including thousands of spherical particles with a diameter ranging from 0.05 to 2.00 mm. These techniques are frequently employed. The fact that the active component is contained in such a large number of small independent subunits is what distinguishes multiparticulate dosage forms as medical preparations [4,5]. Drug delivery employs multiparticulate technologies such as pellets, granules, microparticles, and nanoparticle delivery systems. Pellets are aggregates of fine particles like powder or granules. Mostly consisting of free-flowing spherical or semi-spherical solids, 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm solid units are intended for oral administration [6]. To give the entire dose, these subunits were encapsulated or compacted into a tablet and kept in a sachet [7].
Comparison of the physical properties of cotton and sesame stalk pellets produced at different moisture contents and combustion of the finest pellets
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2020
Hasan Yilmaz, Mehmet Topakci, Davut Karayel, Murad Çanakci
It is observed that the global pellet market has been growing dramatically in recent years. In addition to the growth in the pellet sector on a country-by-country basis, pellet production facilities are diversified geographically (Thrän, Peetz, and Schaubach 2017). Worldwide annual pellet production increased from 25 Mt in 2014 to 37 Mt in 2018 (FAO 2020). Due to the rapid expansion of the pellet sector in recent years, prices of raw materials have increased and the competitiveness in the sector has decreased. Biomass pellets are generally produced from forest industry residues called as wood pellets. The growth in the pellet production industry, the pursuit of sustainability and the objectives of renewable energy policies have increased the interest in less-used biomass resources (Agar et al. 2018; Pradhan, Mahajani, and Arora 2018).
Renewable biofuel production from biomass: a review for biomass pelletization, characterization, and thermal conversion techniques
Published in International Journal of Green Energy, 2018
Manar Younis, Sabla Y. Alnouri, Belal J. Abu Tarboush, Mohammad N. Ahmad
Durability is a major factor that is used to describe the physical quality of the pellets. It can be defined as the pellet’s capability to tolerate vibrations and shock. According to Colley (2006), pellet durability is considered high if its value exceeds 80%, while it is considered medium if it lies between 70% and 80%, and low if it does not exceed 70%. Durability of pellets can be influenced by different factors, as it will be discussed in the following sections. On the other hand, bulk density is defined as the mass per unit volume of biomass. Pellets with high bulk density values occupy less space, and are easier and cheaper to transport or store. Thus, it is essential to produce pellets with high bulk density values, to be able to enhance transportation and storage efficiency, while reducing incurred costs. Conferring to European standards (European Pellet Council 2013), the bulk density of pellets should be greater than 500 kg/m3.